AP History Midterm

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Square Deal: made up by Roosevelt; wanted control of corporations; consumer protection; conservation of natural resources; one should use their talent to the best of ability; aimed at helping middle class by attacking trusts and protecting business from extreme demands of organized labor
Protectorate: is an autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entity, in exchange for which the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations, which may vary greatly, depending on the real nature of their relationship. However, it remains a state under international law.
Sam Tilden: New York Attorney that headed prosecution against Boss Tweed. Fame during trial led to presidential nomination, but he lost against Hayes as a Democrat.
Urbanization: development of big cities; movement to the cities for better jobs and opportunities; most common during influx of European immigrants during last half of 19th Century
Progressives: Wanting change. Wanting more control of the government, womens suffrage, economic intervention and conservationism, civili liberties and civil rights, etc. It arose as an alternative to the conservative response from the Industrial Revolution. Roosevelt hated Taft because he betrayed the Republican Progressive Ideals, which was the reason why he ended up wanting to run again for Presidency.
Populists: Mostly farmers from the Farmer Alliance, also called Popocrats sneeringly. Mary E. Lease led them most efficiently, very awesome speaker and was called the Patrick Henry in petticoats. Motto: "Raise less corn and more hell." Led impassioned crusade to relieve the misfortunes of the farmer. They rose out of the revolt against high prices in the Panic of 1873. They wanted the abolition of national banks, a gradiation of income tax, civil service reform, etc. William Jennings Bryan was on friendly terms with them.
J.P. Morgan: industrialist banker who helped the rich get even richer
League of Nations: One of Woodrow Wilson's 14 points after WWI. U.S rejected joining the league of nations. The League of Nations (LoN) was an above the state organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919-1920. At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to the 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. The League's goals included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation, diplomacy and improving global quality of life.
Panama Canal: Built in 1914 and commissioned by Teddy Roosevelt, it gave a America an easy passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. When the canal was first proposed in 1901, when America got the right to build it from Britain, there was much controversy. At first, there was debate on whether to build it in Panama or Nicaragua. There were concerns about Nicaragua's volcanic activity, so Panama was chosen. then, the US had to negotiate with Columbia about the land for the canal, but Columbia refused the offer. This infuriated then President T.R. The head of the New Panama Canal Company, Phillip Bunau-Varilla, raised an army, comprising mostly of foreign bought troops, and with the help of the US, overthrew the Colombians in Panama. shortly after, Bunau-Varilla signed a treaty allowing the construction of the canal.
Clarence Darrow: Defended teenage thrill killers Leopold and Loeb in their trial for murdering 14-year-old Bobby Franks. Defended John T. Scopes in the so-called "Monkey" Trial of 1925, in which he opposed the statesman William Jennings Bryan. ( Darrow was the one being portrayed in the movie as the atheist lawyer)
Malaria: disease that killed soldiers during Spanish-American War; more people died from it that actual fighting; Dr. Walter Reed went to Cuba to help alleviate disease
Alfred Mahan: wrote Influence of Sea Power Upon History; American must have strong Navy!
Labor: Unions. Protection. Job market: availability. Work force: people looking to work. Unskilled and skilled workers. Blue collar - hands on work. White collar - mental work. Labor long raised its voice against the unrestricted inpouring of wage depressing and union-busting immigrant workers.
Woodrow Wilson: militant progressive; president of Princeton University from 1902-1910; governor of New Jersey; Democrat presidential nominee = ran on "New Freedom Campaign" (wanted stronger anti-trust legislation, banking reform, tariff reductions); became 28th president in 1913; re-elected for 2nd term; "He kept us out of war." as campaign slogan
Rough Riders: American invading army in Cuba; made of western cowboys and ex-convicts; commanded by Colonel Leonard Wood; Organized by the glory hungry Teddy Roosevelt, who was also an expert at propaganda; They did not give credit to the black regiment that actually fought for them
Haymarket Square: Labor disorders had broken out and on May 4 1886, the Chicago police advanced on a protest; alleged brutalities by the authorities. Suddenly a dynamite bomb was thrown that killed or injured dozens, including police. It is still unknown today who set off the bomb, but following the hysteria, eight anarchists (possibly innocent) were rounded up. Because they preached "incendiary doctrines," they could be charged with conspiracy. Five were sentenced to death, one of which committed suicide; the other three were given stiff prison terms. Six years later, a newly elected Illinois governor recognized this gross injustice and pardoned the three survivors. Nevertheless, the Knights of Labor were toast: they became (incorrectly )associated with anarchy and all following strike efforts failed.
Shermain Anti-Trust Act: was passed in 1890 and made trusts illegal, but it was unsuccessful because its conditions were vague
Income Tax: based on your annual salary; made to make taxation fairer; is taken by the federal government to improve the country and is taken to help support the country
Liluokalani: was the last reigning monarch of the Hawaiian islands. She felt her mission was to preserve the islands for their native residents. In 1898, Hawaii was annexed to the United States and she was forced to give up her throne.
William Jennings Bryan: 3-time presidential nominee for Democrats; represented country people; became Secretary of State under Wilson, but retired when WWI came because he hated war; "Cross of Gold" - promoted free silver as coinage; major player in Scopes Monkey Trial (he was the old guy who hated Darwin and died in the end because of bad press; unlike in the movie, he died in his sleep)
Corporations: Roosevelt decided which were good and bad trusts. Many companies were shut down; included trusts, stocks, investors, and the need of license. However after his presideny most corporations were stronger. You need money and business to make a corporation and a license from the start (charter) and then you have the ability to sell stocks which helps the business expand. Corporations have perpetual life, they go on and on.
Direct Election of Senators: part of the 17th amendment which states that each state should have 2 senators in the House of Senate and they can be changed or re-elected every 6 years. The house of Senate is divided up in a way so that 1/3 of the house is up for re-election every 2 years. At first, it was the state legislature who elected the senators, but after reform, it changed to the people electing the senators for their state.
Treaty of Portsmouth: Signed by Russians and Japenese after the Russo-Japenese War of 1904-05. they both agreed to give Manchuria back to China, but Japan got the Liaodang Peninsula and the Russian railways of southern Manchuria, and the southern half of Sakhalin island. Teddy Roosevelt mediated the agreements, and was awarded teh Nobel Peace Prize for it in 1906. Japan also agreed to give total control of the Phillipines to the US, in return for Korea.
Spanish-American War: American war against Spanish holdings in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines; Started after the U.S.S. Maine blew up in the Havana harbor (Americans saw this as a threat); Army was not prepared (used left overs from the Civil War) Reasons for War: loss of markets, threats to Americans in Cuba, Instability resolve the Cuban Revolution; Declared war on April 21, 1898 Cuba - America destroyed Spanish fleet Philippines - Spanish fleet in Philippines destroyed, Manila surrenders, Emilio Aguinaldo fought against the Spanish with America, but when he realized that his country was not really free and now under American rule, he fought against the Americans too. Treaty of Paris - Secretary of State William Day secured Cuban independence, ceding Phillippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam, paid 20 million for Phillipines
Chester Allan Arthur: Republican; 21st president after Garfield was assassinated; had no apparent qualifications to be president (he was merely a spoils man for Conkling's NY political machine); abolitionist lawyer; passed civil service reforms in honor of Garfield (Pendleton Act - established merit system to office based on skill; set up Civil Service Commission; basically anti-spoils); Republicans turned against him because they didn't like his reforms; better president than expected
Calvin Coolidge: President of the 1920's during the Boston Police Strike. This was where police men went on strike because of poor working conditions and low wage. However, going on strike for them was illegal. Therefore, he sent them all to jail. Slogan: 'Keep Cool with Coolidge.'
Mark Hanna: the "creator" of William McKinley as a presidential candidate. Hanna made his fortune in the iron business. He believed that the prime function of the government was to aid business. Hanna, though a novice in politics, organized his preconvention campaign for McKinley with skill and the help of lotsss of Hanna's own money; Hanna was the chairman of the Republican National Committee, and in June 1896, McKinley was nominated for the presidency on the first ballot; Though McKinley eventually broke away from Hanna's mentoring in his presidency, the two remained good friends.
Immigration: immigrants come for several reasons such as to avoid religious persecution, more jobs, a better life; they believe America is a land of opportunities; more immigration means greater population; first people to suffer from immigration discrimination were the Chinese (Chinese Exclusion Act)
Muckraker: was a person, journalist, author, etc, who exposed scandals and things like that to the public; set up by Roosevelt to pass his reforms
American Federation of Labor: started in 1886 by Samuel Gompers; 1st successful labor union; skilled workers were grouped according to crafts; consisted of an association of self-governing national unions that were independent, but united by the AF of L; Gompers kept union on conservative path = against socialism; used walk-outs and boycotts as strategies; "We don't patronize;" non-political
Louis Sullivan: discovered the idea, "form follows function" (related to architecture at first and then spread to other subjects, like biology); was an architect and is also known as the "father of modernism" and is credited with being the creator of the modern skyscraper
Trusts: banking company where one company buys out another buy buying the majority of its stocks; this eventually leads to the creation of a monopoly; forced many smaller businesses to be closed down
Upton Sinclair: muckraker; advocated socialist views wrote The Jungle, in 1906, which was an expose on the meatpacking industry this caused uproar amongst the ppl and led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906
Rutherford B. Hayes: Election of 1876: in the Republicans, Grant was out of the running, and Conling and Blain were at a stalemate. In a compromise, Hayes was chosen as the Republican cadidate, called "The Great Unknown." Grant was a Civil War Officer and a governor from Ohio (a "swing state"). Hayes ran in the election against Samuel Tildin, who won the popular vote. The Compromise of 1877 made Hayes president, under the condition that Reconstruction end. Hayes's years in office were turbulant: labor disturbances and railroad strikes forced Hayes to send out troops; Hayes vetoed the Chinese Exclusion Act; he was viewed as a "Goody-Two-Shoes" reformer.
Interstate Commerce Commission: against laissez - faire or to not intervene; was made to stop railroad abuses such as price fixing, rebate; the govt would intervene, solve an issue and set a precedent for when the problem occured again, and it would be easier to enforce more laws after a few were made
Industrialization: began in the late 1800s; started when a great sense of nationalism grew; building up of cities and buildings; urbanization; new technologies and resources make life easier; those who could not keep up with the modern times often fell behind
Robber Barons: they robbed the American public with their huge corporations and monopolies that made it difficult for those of the low class to pay for bare necessities; 19th century industrialists (ie.: Carnegie, Rockefeller, Ford)
Railroads: made of iron; costly and risky therefore gov't gave money to start railroads; granting land was a cheap way to subsidize a much-desired transportation system * Two railroad lines: Union pacific - Irish "paddies" worked this line Central Pacific - Chinese workers * Those two lines met at Ogden, Utah in 1869 * Towns with railroads prospered; those w/o became ghost towns * Railroads were later replaced with steel instead of iron because steel was safer and economical * Railroads united the Union and increased trade with Asia
Emilio Aguinaldo: Philippine freedom fighter; rescued from Spanish excile by US to help them in the war effort; eventually faught against the US after the Spanish were defeated; became first president of the Philippines
Laborers: laborers striked dozens of times in the 1830s and 1840s. Most wanted higher wages. Laborers usually lost more strikes than they won . Laborers were of many ages and worked man hours. In Samuel Slater's mill of 1791, the first machine tenders were seven boys and two girls, all under twelve years of age.
Dollar Diplomacy: foreign policy by President Taft to further the interest of the United States abroad by encouraging the investment of U.S. capital in foreign countries and to safeguard a nation's foreign investments.
Herbert Hoover: A hero during WWI; fed the American people in WWI; Hoover strengthened the economy by raising money, like lots of it. Hoover was elected president (Republican party) in 1920. He had a philosophy of self-help
William Taft: lawyer and judge who was hostile toward labor unions; war hero under Roosevelt in the Philippines & Cuba; 27th president in 1909; appointed as Philippine Commission in 1899 by Pres. McKinley = called Filipinos "little brown brothers;" responsible for dollar diplomacy during his presidency (used foreign policy to protect Wall Street and abroad & used Wall Street money to uphold foreign policy)
Bull Moose: Political part created by Theodore Roosevelt. It was a Progressive Republican part created at the pro-Roosevelt Progressive Convention. Showed off Roosevelt's New Nationalism. Campaigned for women's suffrage, the book The Promise of American Life, and social welfare. However, he lost the 1912 election; Wilson won.
Native Americans: Anti-foreignism, a distrust of immigrants, and therefore anti-catholic. Was the founding principle of the Know-Nothing Party. Nativists thought foreigners would corrupt America, that they were disloyal to the country and degraded urban government. Labor unions disliked immigrants because they undercut union prices.
Charles Darwin: an English naturalist who created the theory of natural selection (which is a theory of evolution). It cause in uproar in the religious community because it went against the creations story in the Bible. "social Darwinism" - View of social evolution emphasizing the importance of struggle or warfare between groups or societies as the motor of development and social change.
Terrence Powderly: Leader of the Knights of Labor (organized in 1869 as a secret society), which sought to include all workers in "one big union". Their slogan was "An injury to one is a concern of all." Under his eloquent but erratic leadership, the Knights won a number of strikes for the eight-hour day (compared to typical 12-14 hours.) When they won a strike again Wabash Railroad in 1885, leadership blossomed from 90,000 workers to three quarters of a million.
Pullman Strike: Strike of 1894. Eugene V. Debs organized the American Railway Union (150000 members). Maintained a company town, and when the Depression hit, wages were cut one third, but the rent and living expenses remained the same. Strikers overturned Pullman cars, paralyzed railway traffic from Chicago to Pacific Coast. Eventually, bayonet militia came in from Washington from Cleveland himself. Strikers were imprisoned without jury trials. The beginning of the end of company towns.
Socialism: a theory of economics advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the production and distribution of goods rather than by the citizens contrary to capitalism=most Americans
Eugene Debs: born in Indiana. Took a part in finding the American railway Union (ARU) and then was imprisoned for taking part in the Pullman Strike. Became a socialist after reading Karl's Max works and he became the leader of American socialist party.
William McKinley: president, he made high tariffs, Spanish American War, and got killed
Open Door Policy: created by John Hays in 1899, proposed that each country with a "sphere of influence," or control, in China would respect certain Chinese rights and the idea of fair competition. All countries accepted on the condition that everyone else accept, but Russia did not. after the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, which the combined forces of the US, UK, France, Japan, Germany and Russia stopped, Hays added to the policy, saying that America would "embrace the territorial integrity of China, in addition to its commercial integrity." Basically, America did not want the other countries to split Chinese territory between them as payment for their military service.
Grover Cleveland: President from NJ. Won his first time running, lost, then won again. He was the president during the mini-revolt between the U.S and Queen Lili for Ohio. Was anti-imperialist and hated the SPAM war.
Laissez-Faire: a term used to describe a policy of allowing events to take their own course. The term is a French phrase literally meaning Let do ("allow to do"). Had to do with government and business being two separate things. Supporters of laissez-faire favor a state that is neutral between the various competing interest groups that vie for privileges and political power in a country. They are critical of mixed economies on the grounds that it leads to an interest-group politics where each group is seeking to benefit itself at the expense of another and the consumer. They oppose government funding or regulation of schools, hospitals, industry, agriculture, and social welfare programs.
Warren Harding: "Return to Normalcy." First president to have women vote for him; wanted to keep America out of the League of Nations; his presidency was marked by scadal. "Abraham Lincoln could not tell a lie, but Harding could not tell a liar." He did not like to say no to his friends and was also quite a dummy XD He had some of the greatest political minds in his cabinet but didn't notice two of the biggest crooks were there, too.
Conservation: Theodore Roosevelt stood by this principle; where he went all out to make sure all food industries were clean; found many rats, poisons, etc. Shut down many companies, therefore sent the Meat Inspection Act, which decreed that the preparation of meat shipped over state lies would be subject to federal inspection from corral to can. Also, the Food and Drug Act of 1906-Demanded Nutritional Facts. Many other acts, which sold land for cheap but keep it healthy and set aside national parks.

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