biology finals
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- transcription
- process in which part of the DNA sequence is copied into a complimentary sequence in RNA
- translation
- decoding of a mRNA message into a poly-peptide chain
- autosomal chromosome
- not a sex chromosome
- steps involved in DNA replication
- DNA molecule separates into two strands, producing two new complimentary strands following the rules of base pairing
- messenger RNA
- serve as messengers from the DNA to the rest of the cell
- ribosomal RNA
- involved in ribosomes, which are involved in protein synthesis
- transfer RNA
- transfers the amino acids to the ribosome in protein assembly
- polyploidy
- an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
- interphase 1
- cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate chromosomes
- prophase 1 (meiosis)
- each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad
- metaphase 1 (meiosis)
- spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes
- anaphase 1 (meiosis)
- the fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell
- telephase 1 & cytokinesis (meiosis)
- nuclear membranes form, and the cell separates into two cells
- what comes after meiosis 1?
- meiosis 2, resulting in four haploid daughter cells
- diploid
- both sets of homologous chromosomes
- haploid
- normal- one set of genes
- independent assortment
- independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes
- nondisjunction
- error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate
- crossing-over
- process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
- pedigree
- chart that shows relationships within a family
- karyotype
- photograph of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs
- precambrian era
- simple organisms only in the sea
- paleozoic
- finally! a diversity in marine life. and also the first vertebrates. they began to come to land. ended with a mass extinction
- mesozoic
- increasing dominance of dinosaurs. marked by appearance of flowering plants. ended with another mass extinction
- cenozoic
- mammals evolved. still goin' on today
- evolution of the cell
- went prokaryotes to eukaryotes. lots of nonsense words too, like protocell
- three domains
- bacteria, archaea, and eukarea
- six kingdoms
- eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia
- eubacteria: cell structure, mode of nutrition
- cell walls with peptidoglycan, either an autotroph or a heterotroph
- archaebacteria: cell structure, mode of nutrition
- cell walls without peptidoglycan, either an autotroph or a heterotroph
- aw screw it...
- check out the chart on page 459
- merde freaking encore. im gonna f*cking shoot someone. this is f*cking wasting my f*cking life.
- all that virus bullsh*t... just check it out some other time. write it on a postit note.
- 6 threats to loss of biodiversity
- habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, biotic/abiotic issues, habitat degradation, biological magnification of toxic substances, exotic/invasive species