Linguistics 3
Terms
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- Fundamental design features
- modularity rule-governed operations recursion non-finiteness variability
- modularity
- module-components, 4: phonology (sound), morphology (word structure), syntax (sentence structure), semantics (meaning)
- rule-governed operations
- rules of language that organize elements into constituents
- recursion
- in which same rules operate more than once
- non-finiteness
- languages can be infinite in two different ways: sentence length, sentence numbers. As a result, one must learn elements and rules, not memorize
- variability
- dialects; arise from geography, age, gender, race, education, socio-economic standing
- linguistic code
- can refer to dialect or register; people are evaluated based on it (but no lc is inherently better)
- communicative competence
- denotes what form is most appropriate at any given context; the ability to communicate meaning
- linguistic competence
- grammatical competence plus communicative competence; what all speakers possess
- grammatical competence
- the ability to produce and understand an infinite number of sentences; much knowledge is tacit
- What is language?
- A finite system of elements and rules that make it possible for speakers to construct an infinite number of sentences for communicative purposes
- phonetics
- property of individual sound segments
- phonology
- concerned with systems; how sounds pattern together
- the vocal tract
- lungs, larynx, filters
- the lungs
- source of air; pulmonary egressive airstream (air coming out from the lungs)
- laryngeal states
- 2: voiced and voiceless; states of the larynx during speech
- voiced
- folds are loose and close together, so air passing from lungs causes vibrations; some consonants and all vowels
- voiceless
- taut and far, no vibrations; some consonants, no vowels
- filters (3) to modify air flow
- the pharynx, the oral cavity, the nasal cavity
- oral cavity
- contains the organs of articulation (alveolar ridge, velum, palate, tongue, lips, uvula)
- active articulators
- move; the tongue (tip, body and blade), lower lip, vocal folds
- passive articulators
- don't move; upper lip, alveolar ridge, palate, vellum
- manners of articulation (5)
- stop, fricative, affricative, nasal, approximant
- obstruents
- have a degree of obstruction; stops, fricatives, affricatives
- sonorants
- more acoustic energy; usually vowels (nasal, approximant)
- stops
- a complete closure at point in vocal tract followed by a rapid release. EX: pie, by//tie, die//kye, guy
- fricatives
- partial closure, not complete; air passing causes friction. EX: sue, zoo//assure, azure//face, vase
- affricatives
- STOP+FRICATIVE; a single sound, complete closure with a delayed release. EX: chug, jug
- nasal
- produced by lowering the velum so air passes through nasal rather than oral cavity; requires a simultaneous complete oral closure. EX: ban, bang, bam
- oral stops (stops)
- the velum is raised; air exists through the oral cavity. EX: tab, tag, tad
- nasal stops (nasal)
- velum is lowered; air exits through nasal cavity. EX: tan, tam, tang
- approximant
- made with partial closure within oral tract; air passes through with NO turbulence
- liquid
- approximant subclass; law (lateral) and raw (rhotic)
- glide
- approximant subclass; you, wine
- In PHONETICS, we often refer to the...
- ...PASSIVE ARTICULATORS (moved against). There are EIGHT places of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palato-alveolar, palatal, velar, laryngeal
- in PHONOLOGY, we often refer to the...
- ...ACTIVE ARTICULATORS, in which there are four places of articulation: labial, coronal, dorsal, laryngeal