Special Education Chapters 5-7
Terms
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- Poor Understanding of Math
- Have difficulty with numbers above 10
- Visual Closure
- Ability to identify and fill in missing letters or objects from a visually incomplete presentation
- Auditory Discrimination
- Ability to recognize the differences in phonemes (sounds); includes the ability to recognizes words and sounds that are similar and those which are different
- Autism
- A neurobiological syndrome marked by qualitative impairments of social interactions; communication; and restricted, repetitive, and stereotypical patterns of behavior.
- Quay
- Created four distinct categories of behavior disorders: conduct disorder, anxiety-withdrawal, immaturity, and socialized aggression
- Autism
- A developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interactions, generally evident before three years of age, that adversely affects educational performance
- Conduct Disorder
- Physical and verbal overt aggression, negativism, disruptiveness, irresponsibility, and defiance of authority; externalizing
- Auditory Memory
- Ability to to retain information which has been presented orally
- Figure-Ground Discrimination
- Ability to sort out important information from the surrounding environment (Ex: Hearing a teacher's voice while ignoring other classroom noises or seeing a word among others on a crowded page)
- Internalizing Disorders
- Behaviors that seem to be directed more at the self than at others
- Asperger Syndrome
- High functioning; impairments in all social areas, particularly an inability to understand how to interact socially; do not have general language delay; most have average or above-average intelligence
- Visual Discrimination
- Ability to distinguish between similar objects
- Criterion Reference Assessment
- Performance is compared with a desired level that is a goal; tests are used for instructional purposes
- Auditory Sequencing
- Ability to remember or reconstruct the order of items in a list or the order of sounds in a word or syllable
- Learning Disability according to PL 94-142
- Specific learning disability means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations
- Externalizing Disorders
- Behaviors that are directed more at others than at themselves; have a more observable impact on parents, siblings, and teachers
- Autistic Savants
- People with extraordinary ability in an area such as memorization, mathematical calculations, or musical ability while functioning at the mental retardation level in all other areas
- Slow Hand Writing
- Decreased eye-hand motor control causes: poor letter formation, poor spacing of letters, failure to print on the line, and letter order confusion
- Joint Attention
- Looking where someone else is looking; children with autism tend not to do this
- Visual Processing
- Ability to make sense of information taken in through the eyes
- Splinter Skill
- Areas of relatively superior performance that are unexpected compared to other domains of functioning
- Echolalia
- Repeat (verbatim) what people around them have said
- Process Tests
- Evaluate the child's ability to learn using various skills needed for learning such as the process of "auditory discrimination," "visual memory," or "figure-ground discrimination"
- Haptic Perception
- Process of getting information through the modalities of kinesthesis and touch
- Perseveration
- Answer that was once correct is no longer correct
- Socialized Aggression
- Gang activities, cooperative stealing, truancy, activities found in a delinquent subculture; externalizing
- Immaturity
- Preoccupation, short attention span, passivity, day dreaming, sluggishness; internalizing
- Psychotic Speech
- Speech that makes no sense
- Eli Bower
- Termed definition of "Seriously Emotionally Disturbed"
- Delayed Echolalia
- Repeat (verbatim) what they have heard hours later
- Visual Memory
- Ability to store and retrieve information that has been given with a visual stimulus
- Auditory Closure
- Ability to connect sounds together to make words
- Anxiety-Withdrawal
- Overanxiety, social withdrawal, seclusiveness, shyness, sensitivity, inferiority, guilt; internalizing
- Autistic Disorder
- Onset before 3; qualitative impairment of social interactions; qualitative impairments of communication; restrictive, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities
- Informal Reading Inventories (IRI)
- Teacher made reading tests from classroom curriculum materials
- Assessment
- Goal is appropriate screening, identification, and placement; focus is usually on intelligence, adaptive behavior, academic achievement, and processes involved
- Auditory Association
- Ability to associate objects, words, and/or concepts with each other that are presented orally
- Pervasive Developmental Disorder--Not Otherwise Specified (PPD-NOS)
- Meet some, but not all qualitative or quantitative criteria for autistic disorder; significant impairments in socialization, with difficulties either in communication or restricted interests
- Leo Kanner
- Psychiatrist from Maryland who was the first to name and describe autism in 1943, and labeled it as "early infantile autism"
- Norm Referenced Assessment
- Compares an individual's skills or performance with that of others such as same age peer group or national average scores
- Samuel Kirk
- First person to describe the term "specific learning disabilities as delays, deviations, and performance discrepancies in academic subjects such as arithmetic, reading, spelling or writing, as well as speech and language problem
- Visual Association
- Ability to form associations between pictures of objects
- Auditory Processing
- Ability to accurately process and interpret sound information
- Visual Sequencing
- Ability to see objects and then put them in a particular order
- Overselectivity
- Tendency to focus on a minute feature of an object or a person rather than the whole
- Learning Disabilities
- A generic label representing a very heterogeneous group of disabilities ranging from mild to severe