Psychology Chapter 11 Definitions
Terms
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- An individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
- personality
- A theory that attempts to describe and explain individual similarities and differences.
- personality theory
- Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality development.
- psychoanalysis
- A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient spontaneously reports all thoughts, feelings, and mental images as they come to mind.
- free association
- In Freud's theory, a term used to describe thoughts, feelings, wishes and drives that are operating below the level of conscious behavior
- unconscious
- Latin for the it' in Freud's theory the completely unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives, ruled by the pleasure principle.
- id
- In Freud's theory, the self-preservation or life instince, reflected in the expression of basic biological urges that perpetuate the existence of the individual and the species.
- Eros
- In Freud's theory, the pschological and emotional energy associated with expressions of sexuality; the sex drive.
- libido
- In Freud's theory, the death instince, reflected in aggressive, destructive, and self-distructive actions.
- Thanatos
- In Freud's theory, the motive to obtain peasure and avoid tension or discomfort; the most fundamental human motive and the guiding principle of the id
- pleasure principle
- Latin for I; in Freud's theory, the partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with the demands of the external world.
- ego
- In Freud's theory, the awareness of environmental demands and the capacity to accommodate them by postponing gratification until the appropriate time or circumstances exist.
- reality principle
- In Freud's theory, the partly conscious, self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal rules.
- superego
- In psychoanalytic theory, largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety
- ego defense mechanisms
- In psychoanalytic theory, the ego defense mechanism that involves unconsciously shifting the target of an emotional urge to a substitute target that is less threatening or dangerous.
- displacement
- In psychoanalytic theory, an ego defense mechanism that invlves redirecting sexual urges toward productive, socially acceptable, nonsexual activites; a form of displacement
- sublimation
- In Freud's theory, age-related developmntal periods in which the child's sexual urges are expressed through different areas of the body and the activities associated with those areas
- psychosexual stages
- In Freud's theory, a child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent, usually accompanied by hostile feelings toward the same-sex parent
- Oedipus complex
- In psychoanalytic theory, an ego defense mechanism that involves reducing anxiety by modeling the behavior and characteristics of another person
- identification
- In Jung's theory, the hypothesized part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations and that contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas.
- collective unconscious
- In Jung's theory, the inherited mental images of universal human instincts, themes, and preoccupations that are the main components of the collective unconscious
- archetypes
- The theoretical viewpoint on personality that generally emphasizes that inherent goodness of people , human poential, self-actualiztion, the self-concept, and helthy personality development
- humanistic psychology
- In Rogers's theory, the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism
- actualizing tendency
- The set of perceptions and beliefs that you hold about yourself.
- self-concept
- In Rogers's theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to others; conditional love or acceptance
- conditional positive regard
- In Rogers's theory, the sense that you will be valud and loved even if you don't conform to the standards and expectations of others, unconditional love or acceptance.
- unconditional positive regard
- Bandura's theory of personality, which emhasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinism.
- social cognitive theory
- A model proposed by psychologist Albert Bandura that explains human funcitoning and personality as cuased by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.
- reciprocal determinism
- The beliefs that peropls have about their ability to meet the demand of a specific situation; feelings of self-confidence or self-doubt.
- self-efficacy