Flashcards for the Final Mass Comm Test
Terms
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- What are the driving forces behind developments in new media technologies?
- entertainment needs as consumers seek higher quality media
- What are two mass communication functions of entertainment, besides to entertain? P. 349
-
cultural transmission and mobilization
cultural transmission: primarily refers to the transference of the dominant culture as a function of mass communication, as well as its subcultures, from one generation to the next, or to immigrants. THis function includes socialization, which the media perform in helping persons learn society's rules, or how to fit into society
mobilization: a function of mass communication in which the media can influence the public, especially regarding political issues or movement - Which medium do children spend almost half their media consumption with? P. 350
- television
- Summarize television programming in the 1970s. P. 352-3
-
There was an introduction of more complex, realistic characters like All in the Family which addressed many social, gender, and civil rights issues that were happening in society...today it would be almost unexceptable
In 1977 the miniseries Roots was aired based on the novel by Alex Haley...on January 30 one of its episodes became the 3rd most watched tv in history - What is the likely reason that quiz or game shows were very popular in the 1950s? P. 356
- Because it was easy for the audience to identify with the contestants and the stakes were larger--by 1958 there were 22 network quiz shows
- Prime time network programming is dominated by which type of programming? P. 357
- dramatic series and situation comedies
- Why are theaters unlikely to close completely despite lots of competition from other media outlets? P. 359
- Because it is as much a social activity as it is a mass media entertainment activity
-
Who was the influential filmmaker who made films that were later remade as popular Westerns and who was
greatly admired by George Lucas? P. 361 - Japenese director Akira Kurosawa
- What is a likely reason that most movies derived from video games have NOT been great successes? P. 363-4
- Because having a video game turned into a movie takes away its interactive nature and the fact that the user can somewhat control the story...those attributes are taken away from the movie goer
- In 2001, what type of entertainment outranked box office sales for the first time? P. 365
- Video games and hardware
- What was Tin Pan Alley? P. 368
- an area in Manhattan in New York on 28th Street and between Broadway and Sixth Avenue where music producers hung out. people bought music sheets for voice and piano to use at home. It became a generic reference to the music publishing business that hired composers and lyricists to write popular songs. continued until the 70s
- In terms of music promotion, what had a large impact in changing how it was promoted? P. 353-54
- MTV
- What was a surprising third on the list in a report on children and media usage? P. 371
- reading for fun
- Why are entertainment ethics important to consider? P. 372
- Because of the important role that entertainment plays in our lives...they have to be careful about the negative social values and harmful stereotypes that the media might contain
- What happened as a result of Frederick Wertham's report on the effect of horror comics on children? P. 373-74
-
The public and media paid attention to watching the amount of graphic sexual and gruesome violent content of the comic books
There was an investigation in 1954 on the nature and effects of comics on kids...the senate never took any legal action in the case ...the Association of Comic Magazine Publishers came up with the Comics Code Authority and they began banning all sexual and violent content that was found in the comics - What are the reasons reality shows are so popular? P. 347
- because it's intersting to watch someone else's life
- Do children under eight years old spend more time with media than older children? P. 350
- no
- . Is it true that some shows on cable television have attracted larger viewing audiences than network shows? P. 354
- yes
- Foreign box office sales make up how much of additional revenue for Hollywood movies? P. 359
- 40%
- Have DVDs reached a household market penetration faster than any other consumer electronics product? P. 365
- yes
- Up to what percent of music videos on MTV have sexual imagery? P. 370
- 40-75%
- What phrase best characterizes book sales in recent years?
- Book sales have had a mixed sales pattern since 1990
- When two competing newspapers work together to merge their business departments it is called a...?
- Joint operating Arrangment
- What was an important change in newspapers brought about by the penny press?
- Advertisements became an increasingly important source of revenue
- A popular general interest magazine in the early and mid 20th century was called...?
- Life
- A low budget, informally distributed publication that is often free is known as a...?
- zine
- USA Today is best known for
- adding strong graphics and visuals to newspapers
- The first newspaper published in the United States is
- Publick Occurrences (1690)
- Books intended to be primarily for enjoyment can still be controversial because
- they impart cultural values that readers may not agree with
- One common trend for books has been
- become smaller and cheaper
- What is not a major trend in the book industry
- Books are including more photography and illustrations
- What is a problem with newspaper chains
-
Advertising rates rise
Local news gets squeezed out by wire service stories
Corporate owners put pressure to be profitable - What best describes the trends in newspaper ownership today
- Newspapers are mostly owned by nationwide chains
- What reason best describes why mass-distributed newspapers started in the 1830's
- The invention of the steam-powered press meant that copies could be printed much more quickly than in the past
- What is the largest circulation paper in the U.S.
- The Wall Street Journal
- The printing press had what effect
- New ideas became more easily disseminated
- What major function or functions do newspapers serve
-
legal record of public communication
coverage of local as opposed to national events
economic infrastructure for local businesses - The most basic function of magazines is
- survelliance
- One of the aspects of mass market paperbacks that made them so popular is
- They were small and inexpensive
- What is a problem with magazines going online?
- Readers tend to want to read small chunks of information online
- The era of mass-distributed newspapers was started by who at the New York Sun?
- Benjamin Day
- Two of the top circulation magazines today target which demographics?
- middle-aged and elderly
- Mass market paperbacks were first introduced in
- 1870
- The seven leading women's magazines are called the
- seven sisters
- Which is the most important function of newspapers?
- survelliance
- M.J. Rose's case with her novel Lip Service was unique because...
- she used the internet and self-publishing to establish and audience for her book
- What trend or trends adequately describe the newspaper industry
-
many cities have fewer newspapers than in years past
newspapers are experiencing drops in circulation
newspapers are using more color and graphics - What is likely the oldest book publishing cateragory?
- religious books
- How much of the cost in producing a newspaper actually goes into producing news (journalists saleries, etc.)
- 1/3
- What is not a major newspaper chain
- Universal Vivendi
- What cateragory of publishing has the highest sales world wide?
- trade books
- Paperbacks are less expensive to produce, ship, and market than hardcover books
- True
- Printing was invented in Western Europe
- False
- The book industry is in serious decline because of the rise of the Internet
- False
- One way the magazines differ from newspapers is that they target a national as opposed to a local audience
- False
- Newspapers mostly consist of advertisements
- True
- The only purpose of textbooks, besides making students spend more money, is to impart knowledge
- false
- mass market paperback sales have dropped significantly compared to hardcover counterparts in recent years
- true
- Early newspapers used large sheets of paper in order to include illustrations and lithographs
- false
- The first time that consumers spent more on videos than books was 1998
- true
- What company was largely responsible in the 1990s for making direct-to-home satellite broadcasts more accessible to U.S. consumers?
- DirectTV
- What is the primary reason the FCC allocates electromagnetic spectrum>
- because the electromagnetic spectrum is limited
- What is the most widely available medium of mass communication worldwide?
- radio
- The inventor of the phonograph was?
- Thomas Edison
- What is the primary logic for assigning radio station call letters either with W or K?
- Stations east of the Mississippi River got W, those west of it recieved K
- The inventor of radio telegraophy, also called wireless, was?
- Guglielmo Marconi
- A label typically gets how much profit in every CD sold?
- $5
- The main recording industry trade group is called>
- Music Recording Industry Association (MRIA)
- A transparent filament, usually made of glass or plastic, that can caryry information in the form of light is called?
- light-form cable
- When was television unvelied to the public?
- The Dempsey/Turney boxing match in 1923
- an insulated and layered conducting wire about a half-inch think is called?
- coaxial cable
- File - sharing services do what regarding the recording industry?
-
threaten the labels' traditional music distribution channels
make everyone a potential distributor of music
cause artists to lose royalties because of lost sales - What was the primary motivation for developing cable TV?
- Hilly terain and remoteness could interfere with broadcast TV
- Artist and producer royalties for each CD sold are typically how much?
- 10 to 20 percent of the list price
- What factor is part largely responsible for the convergence of telecommunication companies and cable companies?
- deregualtion of cable companies and the 1996 Telecommunications Act
- What was a major element in helping the widespread adoption of radio?
- a popular boxing match broadcast by a radio station
- Most television and computer displays use what type of display technology?
- cathod-ray tube
- The scientist who first demonstrated the existence of radio waves was?
- Heinrich Hertz
- Recent regulatory changes by the FCC have caused what for radio stations?
- concentration of radio station ownership by large media companies
- Which is a potential result of music being offered entirely digitally?
- Consumers would pay less for music because there is no physical product
- What is a primary reason for the decline of the networks from the 1980s?
- the growth of cable television and competition in programming that came with it
- Fox television is owned by>?
- Rupert Murdoch
- What continues to be a major obstacle for DS?
- their inability to include local programming
- In the future, digital transmission of radi will make it more like _________ than traditional radio
- audio programming
- The first radio inventors were able to transmit the human voice
- false
- Even with the growing popularity of cable and satellite TV, most people continue to get TV through over-the-air broadcasts
- false
- Beeswax cylinders were and improvement over tinfoil cylinders that had been used to record sound
- true
- the recorded music industry is unique among media industries in that small, independent companies dominate
- false
- More U.S. households have television sets than telephones
- true
- Despite other forms of media and the rise of the Internet, people still spend more time wathcing the televison than with any other medium
- true
- a process in which the machines or computer programs do the work that was formerly done by humans is called
- automation
- Creating content and selling it to other media outlets is known as
- syndication
- What is a negative aspect of nonstop media?
- information overload
- Why must online-only radio stations pay royalities for the songs they play but traditional radio stations do not?
- traditional radio stations argued that they help promote music
- HTML stands for
- hypertext markup language
- One of the largest Internet companies that most resembles a traditional media company is?
- CNET
- A hypertext link to another Web site's inside page or pages is called?
- deep linking
- What was a primary reason that the Internet did NOT reach a widespread audience right away>
- Arcane commands to type made it difficult for non-technical people
- Microsoft has partnered with which network to create a news channel?
- NBC
- What is a primary reason that the music industry is threatened by online music?
- the music industry loses conrol over distribution of its product
- WHat is a likely problem regarding the future of the online music?
- finding new songs and artists you may like may be more difficult without help form technology
- Why might long-form text narratives be at a disadvantage in an online enviroment?
- people online tend to have shorter attention spans and use hyperlinks to click to other Web sites to get information when they want
- What percentage of online newspaper Web sites show up as the top 20 news Web sites, according to Editor &Publisher
- 50 percent
- What is an important element in making digital nedia transformative?
- networks
- When were the foundations of the current Internet laid?
- in 1969, with the creation of ARPANet
- The dominant Web browser today is?
- Internet Explorer
- Like traditional media counterparts, advertising has proved to be a successful business model on the Internet
- false
- After the dot com bubble burst in 2000, existing online media companies found ways to become profitable
- false
- Online radio stations must abide by the Digital Millenium Copyright Act
- true
- Online versions of newspapers are NOT seen as major sources of news by the public
- false
- the recording indusrty has taken a leading role in developing digital sales and distribution of music
- false
- What is not a component of storage technologies?
- capability
- What component of storage technology has been scarificed the most with improvements in technolgy?
- longevitiy
- The storage technology truly revolutionary with digital media compared to its analog counterparts is?
- reproducibility
- What is a type of medium created as a random access memory device?
- phone book
- An important development in being able to record sound was?
- magnetic recording
- What was the event that finally convinced NBC to convert to videotape for news bradcasts
- the assassination attempt on President Ford
- The first type of storage devices for compouters were?
- punched cards
- The first example of optical storage device was the?
- CD-ROM
- A single CD-ROM can store________ pages of text?
- 300,000
- DVD stands for?
- digital versatile disk
- What statement or statements best describe the characteristics of DVDs?
-
DVDs allow for multilingual capabilities
DVDs have better visual and sound quality than videotypes
DVDs can store far more information than CD-ROMs - What is one reason it is necessary to compress digital media?
- the "pipes" that transport data to computers are still far too narrow to send large amounts of data easily
- What does MPEG stand for?
- Motion Pictures Expert Group
- What is one of the problems with current search engines?
- their searches do not encompass the entire Web
- Comumbia Newsletter, which uses natural language processing is an example of?
- automated news summarizing
- CDs hold the greatest amount of digital information compared to other portable storage formats
- false
- a gigatbyte contains 2,000 times more information than a kilobyte
- false
- CD-ROMs can store information for a much longer time than printed books can
- false
- Atype of recording that involves placing tiny iron-based magnetic particles in substrate such as a plastic film is called?
- magnetic recording
- Eight bits of data is called a
- byte
- the practice of putting advertisers goods directly into shows for money is called?
- product placememtn
- Ultra-small technology that is currently in the early stages of development but that holds great promise for changing our world is called?
- nanotechnology
- What is an important difference in terms of our media usage regarding computers?
- computers allow the user to interact with and change their media enviroment
- Why is the issue of user interface important to mass communication?
- it gives access to the huge content on the Internet and can make audiences more active in getting content
- What media was important in the development of the modern user interface?
- radio and television
- What is an important element that has affected many design and user interface choices for computers?
- the aspect ratio of computer monitors is the same as that of TV screens
- The most efficient keyboard, which is not widely used is called?
- Dvorak keyboard
- What is a benefit of the keyboard over other types of input such as voice?
- the keyboard allows for private input of inforamtion
- What is a primary benefit of a touch-sensitive screen?
- it simplifies the human-computer interaction
- What is a potential drawback of speech - recognition systems?
- they will be difficult to use in a public settings with everyone talking
- What probably had the greatest impact in changing the public's behavoir and attitude towards computers?
- the GUI
- What is a drawback with using icons to represent items on a computer screen?
- people not familiar with the real - world counterparts won't easily understand their functions
- What role did user interfaces have in the microsoft trial in 1998?
- Microsoft was accused of unfairly favoring the IE browser by bundling it with the Microsoft system
- Who developed HDTV?
- NHK
- Why is digital TV more important for mass communication than HDTV?
- digital TV enables the convergence of computing, television and telecommunications
- Why do 3D visualizations of objects present unique user interface challenges?
- there are new task-based requirements, such as being able to pick up objects
- The knowledge to use various types of media technologies such as books is learned
- true
- television played a role in preparing the public mentally for interacting with computers
- true
- when the GUI was first introduced many computer users felt it dumbed down computer use and refused to use it
- true
- PCs and TVs will eventually merge into one device
- true
- although nice in theory, digital television is still technically not possible
- false
- A fundamental characteristic of digital distribution is that it?
- is made of electrons and bits, not physical materials
- With P2P networks, the audience essentially acts as a media?
- distributor
- What was the first technology that could transform information into electronic form and transmit it over great distances?
- the telegraph
- What is the type of switching that occurs within a network in whcih information is divided into pieces, transported as individual units, and then reassembled at the destination called?
- packet switching
- In what way have communication satellites substantially upgraded mediated communication?
- they allow for ground based communication in remote parts of the world
- What was the major reason that fiber optics took so long to be used?
- sending light long distances without the signal degrading was difficult to overcome
- The internet, for various technical reasons, eventually developed into which tyoe of network model?
- client/server
- The law states "the value of a network rises in proportion to the square of the number of the people on that network" is called?
- Metcalfe's Law
- The program that helped put file sharing services in the news was called?
- Napster
- Why might other file-sharing services be harder to shut down than Napster?
- there are no central servers that hold databases of available songs on the network
- A cateragory for discussion groups within Usernet is called a ?
- newsgroup
- A member of a discussion board who does not post messages but reads what others write is called a?
- lurker
- How do chat rooms differ from instant messaging?
- chat rooms usually involve a group of people where instant messageing involves mostly one to one communication
- What accounts for most Internet traffic today?
- Why is spam likely to continue?
- costs are extremely low
- Why do some experts say it is useless to creat digital distribution systems that ensure complete security?
- because whenever a new secure technology is developed, it is quickly cracked
- What idea espoused by Marshall McLuhan does the Internet seem to promise to deliver?
- the world will become a global village
- Napster's closing largely settled the legal and copying issues the record labels face
- false
- a drawback with P2P networks is that they cannot build instant messaging systems
- false
- Although email is convient for one to one communication, there is no way for individuals to "broadcast" their own messages to large numbers of people
- flase
- WHat is an often heard complaint about news coverage of negative events such as crimes or accidents?
- heavy negative coverage gives a misleading impression that the world is more dangerous thatn it is
- A press conference or planned rally or march is what historian Daniel Boorstin calls a ________,as it is designed to attract media attention
- psuedo event
- One of the oldest and largest news-gathering operations is
- Associated Press
- A noted newspaper publisher who owned the St. Louis-Dispatch and New York World and who bequeathed money to satrt the Columbia University School of Journalism was
- Joseph Pulitzer
- A noted newspaper publisher who owned the New York Morning Journal, was a politician, and who was immortalized in the movie Citizen Kane was
- William Randolph Hearst
- The Golden Age of newspapers ended when
- radio became a medium for mass communication in the 1920s
- The goal of objectivity in bews coverage has largely been abandoned today for what reason or reasons?
- It is not possible to ever be truly objective in covering situations and events
- How do most news organizations plan their new coverage for the following day?
- editiors look at the AP daybook to decide what upcoming events are newworthy
- At newspapers, who decides where stories are placed on the pages?
- editiors
- Which is a type of journalism that breaks from journalism tradition?
- literary journalism
- Writing in your diary is an example of?
- intrapersonal communication
- What is not a characteristic of mass communication?
- it uses technologies to transmit messages to the audience
- What is a weakness in the survelliance function of mass communication?
- too much coverage of disastors and crime can skew the public's perception of what is normal
- What is one problem with the cultural transmission function of mass communication?
- it spreads a homogenizing cultural influence
- The term bit stands for
- binary digit
- What is an example of digital medi>
- a DVD
- Combining text, images, sound, and video is an example of?
- multimedia
- What is not an aspect of interactivity?
- users can send their message to a large number of people
- What is a problem with digitization?
- privacy can be eroded through tracking people's behavoir online
- In an online enviroment, content becomes?
- more fluid, dynamic, rapid and global
- Intelligent software agents tht record and track vistiors to a website are called?
- cookies
- Peer to peer file sharing programs mainly do what?
- make it easy for individuals to distribute and share files to a large audience
- Media fragmentation means?
- audiences become smaller as the public has more media choices based on their specific interests
- A benefit of personalized and localized news is?
- better contextualization of news events for the public
- The concentration of media ownership into the hands of few, very large media companies is called?
- an oligopoly
- In a digital media world, journalism will change in what ways?
-
There will be less division between electronic and print journalists
journalists will on work non-stop news cycles with continous deadlines
journalists will have to work extra hard to make sure they are credible - One reason people may trust online news sources is because?
- many of the online news sources are from traditional media parent companies
- What practices from traditional publishing have news Web sites tended to drop?
- publishing once a day at a set time
- The person who broke the President Clinton-Monica Lewinsky scandal on their website is named?
- Matt Drudge
- Interpersonal communication always takes place in an unmediated enviroment
- false
- mediated communication refers only to electronic communication such as TV, radio, or the Internet
- false
- entertainment media can entertain and transmit cultural lvalues
- true
- James Carey is a leading communications scholar who adopts a cultural view of communication
- true
- multimedia only exists in a digital enviroment
- false
- computers can only understand "on" or off states of information, represented by 1s and 0s
- true
- as the troubles with AOL Time Warner show, convergence is mainly a passing fad among media organizations
- false
- convergence brings an increase in media consumption by the public
- true
- on the web, anyone can publish stories and act as a journalsit
- true
- Live television or radio are examples of what kind of media?
- synchronous
- The _____ function refers to interpreting aspects of society
- correlation
- The coming together of computers, media, and telecommunications is known as
- convergence
- The online equivalent o word-of-mouth advertising is called
- viral marketing
- What is an example of media literacy
-
knowing how to open an email attachment
reading a book
expecting something dramatic to happen in a movie when the music changes - Subtext can be defined as
- the underlying or implicit message that is being sent by a piece of media content
- In the 1960s, some people didn't understand the show _______ was actually fiction
- Gilligan's Island
- The personalization freatures of the Web amplify
- media fragmentation
- One of the ways to evaluate if an online sources is trustworthy or not is to?
- see if the source is part of a website with an established brand name
- There is greater diversity in programming and media channels for which of the following reasons?
- the growth of cable and satellite television
- The large media audiences for big sporting events such as the Olympics or dramatic news like the World Trade Center terrorist attacks show that?
- mass audiences still do gather and share common news
- Corporate decisions affect media content in what ways?
-
pressure from advertisers who threaten to withdraw advertising
budget cutbacks that reduce the numbers of reporters who can cover a beat
complaints from customers who cancel subscriptions - The type of media in which commercial factors are most easily seen as
- entertainment
- The Hallmark Channel is an example of
- corporate sponsership
- As of 2003, the largest media merger was
- the purchase of Time Warner by AOL
- "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" is an example of
- the Golden Rule
- The decrease in unit manufactoring costs that result from mass production is called
- economies of scale
- In the United States ________ of the 1500 daily newspapers are the only dailies in their cities
- 99 percent
- The largest global media company is
- AOL Time Warner
- Avoiding extremes of actions or behavoir is an example of
- the Golden Mean
- The philosopher who came up with the Cateragorical Imperitive was
- Immanuel Kant
- Publishing the names of drunk driving offenders unless they are friends or associates of the publisher is an example of not following what ethical principle
- the Cateragorical Imperitive
- Scientific research on animals or humans to help find cures for diseases is an example of what ethical principle?
- the principle of utility
- Asking participants to ignore their vested interests and to stake out basic positions on an issue as if they did not know what the outcome would mean for them is an example of what ethical principle?
- the veil of ignorance
- What is the most common way that advertisers may affect coverage?
- pulling ads or threatening to pull ads when a newspaper takes an unpopular editiorial stance
- The case of NBC's "Waiting to Explode" news segment in 1992 is an example of
- the type fo media influencing what kind of content needed to be created
- Developing media literacy skills is a process, not a goal
- true
- Because reality TV is unscripted, they contain no subject
- false
- for-profit media models that rely on making money in the commercial marketplace is the most common
- true
- commercial television is not actually free since consumers pay for the costs of advertising through higher-priced goods
- true
- In the United States, a large portion of funding for public broadcasting comes from corporate sponsers
- true
- what is legal what is ethical, and vice versa
- false
- A box with a small hole in it that could show inverted oustide screens is called?
- camera obscura
- What is a serious drawback of the daguerreotype?
- copies could not be made
- What are some of the benfits of digital photography?
-
cameras are more compact than traditional cameras
no film developing costs
photographers can delete and change photos on the spot - The primary function of movies is?
- entertainment
- Who invented the Cinematographe, the first movie projector that could show movies to more than one person?
- Auguste and Louis Lumiere
- What was an advantage of silent films over talkies?
- they easily crossed language barriers
- The first full-length motion picture was
- Birth of a Nation
- The first successful commercial talkie film was?
- the Jazz Singer