A&P Digestive System
Terms
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- There are two types of peritoneum:
-
parietal peritoneum
and
visceral peritoneum - An extension of the peritoneum that attaches the small intestine and colon to the posterior abdominal wall.
- mystentery
- Folds of the peritoneum.
- mesocolon
- These serve to connect portions of the colon to the posterior abdominal wall.
- mesocolon
- A special type of tendon that connects the transverse abdominis and both obliques is the:
- aponeurosis
- The four primary muscles of the cheek are:
-
1. buccinator
2. zygomatic
3. masseter
4. platysma - This forms the outer layer of the crown and is the hardest substance on the body.
- enamel
- Serous cells produce the digestive enzyme called:
- amylase
- The three parts of salivary glands:
-
1. parotid
2. submandibular
3. sublingual - The excretory duct of the parotid is:
- Sterno's duct
- The submandibular duct is the:
- Wharton's duct
- The sublingual duct is the:
- Riviniani ducts
- The only structure in the body that serves as part of the digestive and respiratory tracts.
- pharynx
- The pharynx has three coats:
-
1. mucous
2. muscular
3. fibrous - The role of the ____ is to begin the process of deglutition.
- pharynx
- A long tube that provides a passageway for food to the stomach.
- esophagus
- ____ of the smooth muscle layer of the esophagus pushes the food bolus to the stomach.
- Peristalsis
- The esophagus has three coats:
-
1. muscular
2. submucosa
3. mucosa - The point where the esophagus joins the stomach, a layer of circular muscle fibers form the:
- lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
- The primary organ of digestion.
- stomach
- The organ responsible for carrying out the process of chymification.
- stomach
- Aids in holding the stomach in its anatomical position.
- gastrophrenic ligament
- The four regions of the stomach:
-
1. cardiac
2. fundus
3. body
4. pyloric - The stomach is connected to the duodenum by the ____ ____.
- pyloric sphincter
- ____ is responsible for beginning the digestion of proteins.
- Pepsin
- The three stages of gastric secretion:
-
1. cephalic
2. gastric
3. intestinal - The only organ in the body that performs endocrine and exocrine functions.
- pancreas
- The ___ cells perform the exocrine function by secreting pancreatic juice.
- acinar
- The pancreatic juice travels through the duct of ____ to enter the duodenum.
- Wirsung
- Pancreatic juices break down:
-
fats
proteins
carbohydrates
nucleic acids - The second largest organ in the body:
- liver
- The ____ ligament aids in anchoring the liver to the diaphragm.
- coronary
- ____ cells within the liver remove bacteria by the process of phagocytosis.
- Kupffer
- The end of the duodenum is marked by the:
- ligament of Treitz
- The ileum connects to the cecum of the colon at the:
- ileocecal valve
- The digestive process is called:
- chymification
- The digested contents in the small intestine are called:
- chyme
- The four sections of the colon:
-
1. cecum
2. colon
3. rectum
4. anal canal - The three movements of the colon are:
-
1. peristalsis
2. haustral churning
3. mass peristalsis - The process of metabolism whereby a biological entity processes a substance, in order to chemically and mechanically convert the substance into nutrients.
- digestion
- The substance between the enamel (substance in the crown) or cementum (substance in the root) of a tooth and the pulp chamber.
- dentin
- Considered part of the periodontium, as they are supporting tissue of a tooth. These ligaments are a specialized connective tissue that attach teeth from the cementum to the surrounding alveolar bone. They are about .2 millimeters in width, which decreas
- periodontal ligament
- Large lipoprotein particles (having a diameter of 75 to 1,200nm) that are created by the absorptive cells of the small intestine.
- chylomicron
- An aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid colloid. A typical micelle in aqueous solution forms a roughly spherical or globular aggregate with the hydrophilic "head" regions in contact with surrounding solvent, sequestering the
- micelles
- Refers to a series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ. Most commonly the term is applied to the internal surface of the stomach.
- rugae
- Large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the bowel.
- plicae circulares
- Small pouches caused by "sacculation", which give the colon its segmented appearance.
- haustra
- Three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons. They are visible, and can be seen just below the serosa.
- taenia coli
- Successive waves of involuntary contraction passing along the walls of a hollow muscular structure (as the esophagus or intestine) and forcing the contents onward
- peristalsis
- Failure of a ring of muscle (sphincter) to relax adequately.
- achalasia
- A digestive protease released by the chief cells in the stomach that functions to degrade food proteins into peptides.
- pepsinogen
- The family of short molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various α-amino acids.
- peptides
- A natural complex of enzymes produced in any mammalian stomach to digest the mother's milk.
- rennin
- Commonly called the Ampulla of Vater, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the bile duct.
- hepatopancreatic ampulla
- A peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein.
- cholecystokinin
- Also known as icterus (attributive adjective: "icteric"), is a yellowing of the skin, conjuctiva (clear covering over the sclera, or whites of the eyes) and mucous membranes caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the human body (or the body
- jaundice
- A yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. Its levels are elevated in certain diseases and it is responsible for the yellow color of bruises and the brown color of feces.
- bilirubin
- Compound tubular submucosal glands located throughout the duodenum.
- Brunner's glands
- One enzyme produced by the cells lining the small intestine to break down disaccharides. It comes under the enzyme category carbohydrase (which is a subcategory of hydrolase), and the disaccharide it hydrolyses is maltose.
- maltase
- The enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of sucrose to fructose and glucose. It is secreted by the tips of the villi of the epithelium in the small intestine.
- sucrase
- A member of the β-galactosidase family of enzyme, is involved in the hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose into constituent galactose and glucose monomers. Is present predominantly along the brush border membrane of the differentiated enterocytes linin
- lactase
- Aggregations of lymphoid tissue that are usually found in the lowest portion of the small intestine (ileum) in humans; as such, they differentiate the ileum from the duodenum and jejunum.
- Peyer's patches
- Enzymes that break peptide bonds between amino acids of proteins. The process is called peptide cleavage, a common mechanism of activation or inactivation of enzymes, especially those involved in blood coagulation or digestion.
- peptidase
- An enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids.
- nucleases
- A pouch connected to the ascending colon of the large intestine and the ileum.
- cecum
- The lumen of the anal canal presents, in its upper half, a number of vertical folds, produced by an infolding of the mucous membrane and some of the muscular tissue.
- anal columns
- Varicosities or swelling and inflammation of veins in the rectum and anus.
- hemorrhoids