Physio I
Terms
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- 3 broad types of cardiac muscle
-
atrial muscle
ventricular muscle
"specialized" cardiac muscle
-pacemaker areas
-high conduction speed pathways
-low conduction speed pathways - 5 essential functions of the heart
-
1) self nutrition via coronary arteries
2) regular and controlled excitation
3) effective contraction and relaxation of muscle
4) an effective intra-cardiac blood flow path
5) regulation of "preload" (right and left atrial pressure) - 5 broad pathophysiological categories of the heart
-
ischemic heart disease
arrhythmias
cardiomyopathies
valve and septal defects
congestive heart failure - Fast response cells are characteristic of
- atrial, ventricular, and Purkinje system muscle cells
- Slow response cells are characteristics of
- pacemaker cells of the SA and AV nodes
- What is the coupling agent in excitation-contraction coupling in myocardium
- calcium ion
- P wave is caused by
- excitation (depolarization) of atrial cells
- QRS wave is caused by
- excitation of ventricular cells
- T wave is caused by
- repolarization of the ventricular cells.
- 3 periods during "diastole"
-
period of "rapid inflow" or "rapid filling"
period of "diastasis"
period of "atrial systole" - 3 periods during "systole"
-
period of "isovolumic contraction"
period of "ejection"
period of "isovolumic relaxation" - Stroke volume (SV) =
-
EDV - ESV
end diastolic volume
end systolic volume - Guyton's numeric value for normal value range for SV (stroke volume)
- 30-65 ml/beat
- EF =
-
ejection fraction = fraction of the end diastolic volume of the ventricle that is ejected per beat as stroke volume.
SV / EFC
Normal Range = 46-50% - Name the 4 cardiac valves
-
tricuspid valve (right ventricle)
mitral valve (left ventricle)
Pulmonic valve (right)
Aortic valve (left) - Stenosis
- when the A-V valves open incompletely
- When the A-V valves close incompletely it's called
- regurgitation
- Functional purpose of papillary muscles and chordae tendineae?
- prevents A-V valve collapse
- Stroke work is defined as
- cardiac work per heart beat
- What is the normal maximum efficiency of the heart?
- 20-25%
- What is the major chemical fuel for the heart?
- fatty acids
- Specialized cardiac muscle consists of....
-
The S-A Node
3 Internodal Pathways
The A-V Node
“Purkinje Systemâ€:
-Common bundle of His (AV bundle)
-Rt & Lt bundle branches
-Purkinje fibers - Crohn's Disease
-
inflammatory disease of submucosa, can be transmural
affects terminal ileum and proximal colon
etiology unknown
pathological changes in wall of gut:
granulomatous lesions
inflammation, fibrosis and thickening palpable masses
decreased surface area, MALABSORPTION, DIARRHEA,
PAIN
<small intestine> - Celiac Disease
-
Allergic disease: hypersensitivity to gluten
Pathology of mucosa:
Jejunal wall infiltrated with inflammatory cells
Intestinal villi atrophy
Bowel wall becomes smooth
Loss of mucosal function ï‚® MALABSORPTION
Managed with low gluten diet
<small intestine> - Diverticular Disease
-
outpouchings of colonic mucosa between bundles of smooth muscle
diverticula can perforate producing inflammationï‚® DIVERTICULITIS, PAIN
clinically can produce constipation and bloody stools; abscess formation and fibrosis -
ECF is termed "what" by physiologists and clinicians?
What is considered "external" to the body? -
Internal environment.
3 tracts: respiratory, GI, uro-genital tracts. - 4 systems involved shiefly with control of ECF volume, composition, and temperature
-
pulmonary
GI
cardiovascular
renal - 3 systems involved chiefly with our body's internal communication:
-
visceral motor (ANS)
visceral sensory
endocrine system - 5 systems involved chiefly with sensing and/or responding to our body's external environment.
-
somatic nervous
special senses
skeletal muscle and bone
skin
reproductive system