Anthro Midterm
Terms
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- replacement model
- theory that Homo spaiens evolved in one world area and then expanded, replacing regional populations of earlier hominids
- fossil
- preserved remains, impressions, or traces of living creatures from past ages
- multiregional evolutionary model
- view that Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus concurrently in different regions of the world
- knuckle walking
- a quadrupedal form of locomotion
- archaeological site
- places of past human activity that are preserved in the ground
- anthropology
- the study of human beings and human behavior (or the study of humankind in all places and throughout time)
- law of supraposition
- look at rock layers, lowest rocks been there longest, upper rocks, been in place for progressively shorter periods
- adaptive customs
- customs of a society that enhance survival and reproductive sucess
- artifact
- objects made or modified by humans
- stratigraphic dating
- most basic relative data, idea that each successive layer was younger than the layers underneath
- brachiation
- an arm over arm suspensory locomotion used to move from branch to branch
- feature
- nonmovable artifacts (e.g. fire hearth, pit dug in ground)
- paleoanthropology
- study of emergence of humans and physical evolution (study fossils)
- indirect constraint
- insignificant behavioral limit, minimal consequences
- sexual dimorphism
- males and females of same species show separate characteristics
- hominids
- family of primates that includes modern humans & direct ancetors who share distinctive types of teeth, jaw, and bipedialim
- real/ actual cultural pattern
- how people actually behave (often ignore norms)
- omnivorous
- diverse diet that consists of plants, fruits, nuts, seeds, insects, and animals
- culture
- et of learned behaviors, attitudes, values, & ideals that are characteristic of a particular ociety or population
- cultural relativism
- describing a society's customs and idea in the context of that society's problems and opportunities
- material culture
- physical products of human society (etc. weapons, clothing)
- archaeology
- seeks out and examines the artifacts of past societies
- radiocarbon dating
- based on decay of carbon 14, a radioactive isotope of carbon that eventually decas into nitrogen, compares concentration of carbon 14 in animal
- ideal cultural patterns
- how people should behave (follow norms)
- what are the distinguish characteristics of hominids vs primates
- bipedalism, reduction of face/teeth/jaws, increae in cranial capacity
- subculture
- commonly shared customs of a group within society
- direct contraint
- obvious behavior limit with significant consequence
- arboreal
- life in trees (shown by physical and anatomical traits)
- What are the ethics of archaeology?
- promote stewardship, work responsibly, prohibit commericalization, inform & educate the public
- what are the variations of primates
- group size, relative brain size, body size
- ethnocentrism
- practice of judging other societies by the values and standard of one's own culture
- primate
- an order of mammals that share similar characteristics (includes humans, monkeys, & apes)
- repatriation
- returning something (typicall bones or personal property) to the country, tribe or group of origin (rightful owner)
- 3 principles of culture
- commonly shared, learned, everyculture has individual variation
- maladaptive customs
- diminish chances of survival
- dentition
- the #, form, and arrangement of teeth (are very trong & often better preserved in fossil record)
- physical anthropology
- focused on humans as a biological species
- cultural anthropology
- examines various contemporary societie throughout the world
- ecofact
- natural object that have been use or affected by humans (plants)
- relative dating
- dating methods that determine whether one particular event occurred before or after another
- quadraped
- walks on 4 limbs
- norms
- standards/rules about what behavior is socially acceptable
- linguistic anthropology
- relationship between language and culture and how brain acquires and uses language
- transitional forms
- hominid fossils that are either advanced Homo erectus or early Homo sapiens
- nocturnal
- active during the night
- diurnal
- active during the day