Exam 1
Terms
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- paleoanthropology
- the specializationof physical anthropology that investigates the biological evolution of the human species
- Classification of reality
- ways in which the members of a culture divide up the natural and social world into categories, usually linguistically encoded
- sociolinguistics
- specialty within cultural anthropology that studies how language is related to culture and the social uses of speech
- unilineal evolution
- the 19th century throretical orientation that held that all human ways of life pass through a similar sequence of stages in their development; the idea that culture evolved through a series of stages of technological development.
- Forensic anthropology
- the analysis of human skeletal remains in order to derive information which can be presented in a public forum, such as a court of law
- Holistic perspectie
- No single aspect of a human culture can be understood unles its relationship to other aspects of the culture are explored.
- worldview
- the way people interpret reality and events, including how they see themselves relating to the world around them
- Language
- words, theirp ronunciation, and the methods of combining them used and understood by a community
- Ethnography
- a written description of the way of life of a human population
- Archaeology
- the investigationof past culture through excavation of material remains
- Marine archaeology
- field that investigates the past through underwater excavation
- cultural relativism
- no culture as a whole, is superior or inferior to another; the notion that one should not judge the behavior of other peoples using the standards of ones own culture.
- Cultural knowledge
- information, skills, attitudes, conceptions, beliefs, values and other mental components of culture that people socially learn during enculturation.
- Whorf-Sapir hypothesis
- the idea that language profoundly shapes the perceptions and worldview of its speakers
- norms
- shared ideals and/or expectations about how certain people ought to act in given situations
- biological anthropology
- study of humans as biological organisms; major subfield of anthropology
- values
- shared ideas or standards about the worthwhileness of goals and lifestyles
- Fieldwork
- ethnographic research that involves observing and interviewing the members of a culture to describe their current way of life
- ethnocentrism
- the attitude or opinion that the morals, values and customs of one's own culture are supeior to those of other peoples
- Osteology
- the study of bones
- Anthropology
- the study of humans and the human condition
- Lexicon
- the total stock ofmorphemes in a language
- cultural universals
- elements of culture that exist in all known human groups or societies; religion is a cultural universal
- cultural anthropology
- set of standards, values, norms, beliefs, ideas, and material products, shared by the members of a society, transmitted through learning, and responsible for, or reflected by, the vehaviors of themembers of that society
- Culture
- the socially learned knowledge and patterns of behavior shared by some group of people
- Ethnology
- both method and product, a cross-cultural comparison of either a single aspect of culture of of cultures as a whole, in order to arrive at a generalization about human behavior
- symbols
- objects, behaviors, sound combinations, and other phenomena whose culturally define meanings have no necessary relationship to their inherent physical qualities
- Tylor
- one of the founders of the field that was later to become cultural anthropology.
- linguistical anthropology
- study of the human language and communication. sound patterns, words, meanings and sentence structure
- Ethology
- the study of primates in the natural habitat
- semantic doman
- a class of things or properties that are perceived as alike in some fundamental respect
- evolutionism
- the first identified theoretical orientation in cultural anthropological anthropology. An attempt to explain the differences in the development of culture by peoples of the world.
- Prehistoric archaeology
- study of ancient pre-literate cultures; uses excavation of sites and analysis of material remains to investigate cultures that existed before the development of writing.
- primatology
- study of primates, including monkeys and apes; subfield of biological anthropology
- Historic archaeology
- studies written materials, diaries, letters; field that investigates the past of literate peoples through excavation of sites and analysis of artifacts and other material remnants