Anthropology
Terms
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- Key Consultants
- People who by accident, experience, talent, or training can provide the most complete or useful information about particular aspects of life.
- Essentialism
- The process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed
- Anthropological Characteristic
- Holistic
- Pastoralists
- These herders are people whose activities focus on such domesticated animals as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, yak, and reindeer.
- Anthropological Characteristic
- A science
- Archaeological Anthropology
- Reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains
- Franz Boas
- Describes changes in skull form among the children of Europeans who had migrated to the Unites States
- Horticulture
- Nonindustrial system of plant cultivation in which plots lie fallow for varying lengths of time
- Linguistic Anthropology
- Studies language in its social and cultural context, across space and over time.
- Nomadic Pastoralism
- The entire group- women, men, and children-moves with the animals throughout the year
- Genealogy
- a record or account of the ancestry and descent of a person, family, group
- Australopithecus Afarensis
- Lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago
- Enculturation
- The process by which a child learns his or her culture
- Displacement
- A linguistic capacity that allows humans to talk about things and events that are not present
- Syntax
- Refers to the arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences
- Emic Perspective
- "Native Viewpoint" Investigates how local people think
- Anthropology
- A comparative science that examines all societies, ancient and modern, simple and complex.
- Creole
- A pidgin that has formed into a native language
- Ethnography
- Provides an account of a particular community, society, or culture
- Replacement Model
- The theory that modern people evolved first in Africa and then spread out to inhabit virtually all the world
- Australopithecus Anamensis
- Lived from 4.1 and 3.9 million years ago
- Cultural Relativism
- The viewpoint that behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture
- Pidgins
- Languages that form when different societies need to devise a system of communication with each other
- Chomsky's position
- All humans have similar linguistic abilities and thought processes
- Ethnocentrism
- The tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures
- Phonetics
- The study of speech sounds in general
- Anthropology
- The study of the human species and its immediate ancestors
- Postmodernism
- A theoretical perspective focusing on issues of power and voice. Suggests that anthropological accounts are partial truths reflecting the background, training, and social position of their authors
- Empirical Science
- Scientific knowledge that are closely related to evidence, especially as discovered in experiments
- Phoneme
- A sound contrast that makes a difference that differentiates meaning /p/ and /b/ are phonemes in English
- Sociolinguistics
- Study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; study of language in its social context
- Etic Perspective
- Approach shifts the focus from local observations, categories, explanations, and interpretations to those of the anthropologist.
- Cultural Anthropology
- The study of human society and culture, the subfield that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences
- Lexicon
- A dictionary containing all its morphemes and their meanings
- Biological or Physical Anthropology
- Human biological diversity in time and space
- The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
- Theory that different languages produce different ways of thinking
- Life History
- A recollection of a lifetime of experiences providing a more intimate and personal cultural portrait than would be possible otherwise
- Australopithecus Africanus
- Lived from 1.4 and 2.8 million years ago
- Author of Primitive Culture
- Edward Tylor
- Agriculture
- Nonindustrial system of plant cultivation characterized by continuous and intensive use of land and labor
- Diffusion
- Borrowing of traits between cultures
- Productivity
- The ability to use the rules of one's language to create new expressions comprehensible to other speakers; a basic feature of language
- Bronislaw Malinowski
- The founder of ethnography
- Universal Grammar
- The human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language, so that all languages have a common structural basis
- Edward Tylor
- "Acquired... as a member of society"
- HRAF(Human Relations Area File)
- An extensive filing system containing ethnographic data about hundreds of societies, past and present, from the main ethnographically distinguished areas of the world.
- Acculturation
- The exchange of cultural features that results when groups have continuous firsthand contact
- Structuralism
- All aspects of a society exist in order to maintain the social structure of the society
- Call System
- A system used by nonhuman primates to communicate using sounds varying in duration and intensity
- Participant Observation
- Taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analyzing.
- Culture is Shared
- An attribute not of individuals per se but of individuals as members of groups
- Transhumance Pastoralism
- Part of the group moves with the herds, but most people stay in the home village
- Ethnology
- Examines, interprets, analyzes, and compares the results of ethnography-the data gathered in different societies
- According to Malinowski
- The task of the ethnographer is "to grasp the native's point of view, his relation to life, to realize his of his world