EFB-101 Biology Exam 4 Ch 36-42
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- 36 - PLANT FORM What are 2 uses of the root system in plants?
- 1. Anchors the plant 2. Absorbs water and minerals
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 3 main structures of the shoot system and what is the basic purpose of each?
- 1. Stems (supporting) 2. Leaves (photosynthetic) 3. Flowers (reproductive)
- 36 - PLANT FORM APEX
- The highest tip of a plant shoot
- 36 - PLANT FORM What does the primary cell wall of plants consist of?
- Cellulose fibers
- 36 - PLANT FORM What 2 components make up the secondary cell wall of plants?
- 1. Cellulose 2. Lignin
- 36 - PLANT FORM What is the purpose of the secondary cell wall in plants?
- Increases mechanical strength
- 36 - PLANT FORM MERISTEMATIC CELL
- Undifferentiated cell found in plant growth zones (analogous to animal stem cells).
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 2 products of meristematic cell mitosis?
- 1. Meristematic cell 2. Differentiated cell
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are 3 types of differentiated cells that arise from meristematic cell mitosis?
- 1. Epidermal 2. Vascular 3. Storage
- 36 - PLANT FORM APICAL MERISTEM
- Undifferentiated tissue in the buds and growing root tips of plants
- 36 - PLANT FORM What does the protoderm in an apical meristem become?
- Epidermis
- 36 - PLANT FORM What does the procambium in an apical meristem become?
- 1st-degree vascular tissue
- 36 - PLANT FORM What does the ground meristem in an apical meristem become?
- Ground tissue
- 36 - PLANT FORM What meristem is unique to woody plants?
- Lateral meristem
- 36 - PLANT FORM What does cork cambium in a lateral meristem become?
- Outer bark
- 36 - PLANT FORM What does vascular cambium in a lateral meristem become?
- 2nd-degree vascular tissue (secondary xylem/phloem)
- 36 - PLANT FORM From top to bottom in a woody plant, what is the order of stems and roots?
- 1. Primary stem 2. Secondary stem 3. Secondary root 4. Primary root
- 36 - PLANT FORM What is the direction of growth in the woody plant primary stem and primary root?
- Apical (up/down)
- 36 - PLANT FORM What is the direction of growth in the woody plant secondary stem and secondary root?
- Lateral (side-to-side)
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 4 structures of a woody plant primary stem?
- 1. Ground meristem 2. Procambium 3. Primary xylem 4. Primary phloem
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 6 structures of a woody plant secondary stem?
- 1. Cork cambium 2. Vascular cambium 3. Primary phloem 4. Secondary phloem 5. Primary xylem 6. Secondary xylem
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 5 structures of a woody plant secondary root?
- 1. Vascular cambium 2. Primary phloem 3. Secondary phloem 4. Primary xylem 5. Secondary xylem
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 4 structures of a woody plant primary root?
- 1. Ground meristem 2. Procambium 3. Primary phloem 4. Primary xylem
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 3 basic types of plant tissues?
- 1. Dermal 2. Ground 3. Vascular
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 2 main purposes of plant dermal tissue?
- 1. Protection 2. Water loss prevention
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 3 main purposes of plant ground tissue?
- 1. Storage 2. Photosynthesis 3. Secretion
- 36 - PLANT FORM What is the main purpose of plant vascular tissue?
- Conduction
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 2 main structures in plant vascular tissue?
- 1. Phloem 2. Xylem
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 4 main structures of plant dermal tissue?
- 1. Epidermal cells 2. Guard cells 3. Trichomes 4. Root hairs
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are 2 components of plant epidermal cells?
- 1. Cutin 2. Wax
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are plant guard cells "guarding?" What is its function?
- Stoma, transpiration
- 36 - PLANT FORM What is the plural of stoma?
- Stomata
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 2 purposes of trichomes?
- 1. Reduce evaporation 2. Deter herbivory
- 36 - PLANT FORM What is the purpose of root hairs?
- Increase root surface area
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 3 common cell types that make up plant ground tissue?
- 1. Parenchyma 2. Collenchyma 3. Sclerenchyma
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 3 functions of parenchyma cells?
- 1. Storage 2. Secretion 3. Photosynthesis
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the most common cells in ground tissue?
- Parenchyma cells
- 36 - PLANT FORM What 2 structures in parenchyma cells play a role in photosynthesis?
- 1. Chloroplasts 2. Chlorenchyma
- 36 - PLANT FORM TRUE/FALSE: Parenchyma cells are living.
- TRUE
- 36 - PLANT FORM What is the function of collenchyma cells?
- Provide support
- 36 - PLANT FORM TRUE/FALSE: Collenchyma cells are living.
- TRUE
- 36 - PLANT FORM What is the function of sclerenchyma cells?
- Strengthen tissues
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 2 forms of sclerenchyma cells?
- 1. Sclereids 2. Fibers
- 36 - PLANT FORM TRUE/FALSE: Sclerenchyma cells are living.
- FALSE
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are 2 plants with sclereids?
- 1. Water lilies 2. Pears
- 36 - PLANT FORM What 3 materials are transported by the xylem in plants?
- 1. Water 2. Minerals 3. Dead cells
- 36 - PLANT FORM What structure is contained in a xylem vessel?
- Perforation plate
- 36 - PLANT FORM What structure is contained in a xylem tracheid?
- Pit
- 36 - PLANT FORM Water flows in what direction when it goes through a xylem perforation plate?
- Upwards
- 36 - PLANT FORM TRUE/FALSE: Angiosperm xylems have both vessels and tracheids.
- TRUE
- 36 - PLANT FORM TRUE/FALSE: Gymnosperm xylems only have tracheids, no vessels.
- TRUE
- 36 - PLANT FORM What 2 materials are transported through plant phloem?
- 1. Hormones 2. Ucrose
- 36 - PLANT FORM TRUE/FALSE: Phloem cells have a nucleus.
- FALSE
- 36 - PLANT FORM What structures make up the phloem in gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants?
- Sieve cells
- 36 - PLANT FORM What structures make up the phloem in angiosperms?
- Sieve tube members
- 36 - PLANT FORM What 2 components make up an angiosperm's sieve tube member?
- 1. Sieve plate 2. Companion cell
- 36 - PLANT FORM GIRDLING
- Removal of a ring of outer bark (secondary phloem tissue, cork cambium, and cork), causing the death of a woody plant
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 2 types of root systems?
- 1. Fibrous (monocot) 2. Taproot (dicot)
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 2 parts of taproot systems?
- 1. Primary (tap) root 2. Lateral roots
- 36 - PLANT FORM What kind of root system do monocots have?
- Fibrous
- 36 - PLANT FORM What kind of root system do dicots have?
- Taproot
- 36 - PLANT FORM What 2 types of cells make up the root cap?
- 1. Root cap cells 2. Columella cells
- 36 - PLANT FORM What is the function of root cap cells?
- Protection
- 36 - PLANT FORM What is the function of columella cells?
- Perception of gravity (via amyloplasts)
- 36 - PLANT FORM What special structures in columella cells allow a plant to perceive gravity?
- Amyloplasts
- 36 - PLANT FORM From top to bottom, what are the 4 zones of a root?
- 1. Zone of maturation 2. Zone of elongation 3. Zone of cell division 4. Root cap
- 36 - PLANT FORM What 2 root zones overlap?
- Zone of elongation and zone of cell division
- 36 - PLANT FORM What 2 structures are located in a root's zone of cell division?
- 1. Apical meristem 2. Quiescent center
- 36 - PLANT FORM QUIESCENT CENTER
- Inactive organizing cells surrounded by meristematic cells in a root's zone of cell division
- 36 - PLANT FORM From outside to inside, what are the 7 layers of a plant root?
- 1. Epidermis 2. Cortex 3. Endodermis (Casparian strip) 4. Pericycle 5. Xylem 6. Phloem 7. Pith
- 36 - PLANT FORM What is contained within the root endodermis and what is it composed of?
- Casparian strip, suberin
- 36 - PLANT FORM What 4 structures are contained within the root stele?
- 1. Pericycle 2. Phloem 3. Xylem 4. Pith
- 36 - PLANT FORM Where do lateral roots originate?
- Pericycle
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 8 types of adventitious roots?
- 1. Prop 2. Aerial 3. Pneumatophore 4. Contractile 5. Parasitic 6. Food storage 7. Water storage 8. Buttress
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are 2 plants with contractile roots?
- 1. Dandelions 2. Lilies
- 36 - PLANT FORM What plant has parasitic roots?
- Dodder
- 36 - PLANT FORM What plant has food storage roots?
- Carrot
- 36 - PLANT FORM What plant has water storage roots?
- Pumpkin
- 36 - PLANT FORM What plant has buttress roots?
- Fig tree
- 36 - PLANT FORM From top to bottom in a dicot plant stem, what are the 5 orders of primordia?
- 1. Young leaf primordium 2. Shoot apical meristem 4. Older leaf primordium 5. Lateral bud primordium
- 36 - PLANT FORM From top to bottom in a monocot plant stem, what are the 3 orders of primordia?
- 1. Shoot apical meristem 2. Young leaf primordium 3. Older leaf primordium.
- 36 - PLANT FORM PHYLLOTAXY
- Arrangement of leaves to maximize sun exposure
- 36 - PLANT FORM From most to least common, what are the 3 types of phyllotaxy in plants?
- 1. Alternate 2. Opposite 3. Whorled
- 36 - PLANT FORM What plant has alternate phyllotaxy?
- Ivy
- 36 - PLANT FORM What plant has opposite phyllotaxy?
- Periwinkle
- 36 - PLANT FORM What plant has whorled phyllotaxy?
- Sweet woodruff
- 36 - PLANT FORM From top to bottom, what are the 8 parts of an external plant stem?
- 1. Terminal bud 2. Axillary bud 3. Node 4. Bundle scars 5. Internode 6. Petiole 7. Blade 8. Terminal bud
- 36 - PLANT FORM How is vascular tissue arranged in dicots?
- Ring with pith and cortex
- 36 - PLANT FORM How is vascular tissue arranged in monocots?
- Scattered bundles
- 36 - PLANT FORM What develops from secondary growth of dicots?
- Vascular cambium
- 36 - PLANT FORM TRUE/FALSE: Monocots have secondary growth and develop a vascular cambium.
- FALSE
- 36 - PLANT FORM From outside to inside, what 2 structures make up a tree's annual growth rings?
- 1. Heartwood 2. Sapwood
- 36 - PLANT FORM Heartwood and sapwood are considered part of what vascular tissue?
- Xylem
- 36 - PLANT FORM From outside to inside, what are the 6 layers of a woody plant?
- 1. Outer bark 2. Cork cambium 3. Phloem 4. Vascular cambium 5. Sapwood 6. Heartwood
- 36 - PLANT FORM LENTICEL
- Structure in woody dicot and gymnosperm cork cambium that permits gas exchange
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 7 types of modified stems?
- 1. Bulb 2. Corm 3. Rhizome 4. Runner/Stolon 5. Tuber 6. Tendril 7. Cladophyll
- 36 - PLANT FORM Leaves are the main site of what?
- Photosynthesis
- 36 - PLANT FORM What kind of veins do monocot leaves have?
- Parallel
- 36 - PLANT FORM What kind of veins do dicot leaves have?
- Netted/Reticulate
- 36 - PLANT FORM Leaves are ______ structures.
- Determinate
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 3 possible shapes of simple leaves?
- 1. Teeth 2. Indentations 3. Lobes
- 36 - PLANT FORM What is the main structure of a compound leaf?
- Blade
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 2 types of compound leaves?
- 1. Pinnate (opposite blades) 2. Palmate (circle of blades)
- 36 - PLANT FORM The upper surface of a leaf consists of what 2 structures?
- 1. Epidermal cells 2. Waxy cuticle
- 36 - PLANT FORM The lower surface of a leaf consists of what 3 structures?
- 1. Epidermal cells 2. Stomata 3. Guard cells
- 36 - PLANT FORM MESOPHYLL
- The interior of a leaf, between the upper and lower surface
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 2 types of dicot mesophyll?
- 1. Palisade 2. Spongy
- 36 - PLANT FORM TRUE/FALSE: Monocots only have 1 type of leaf mesophyll.
- TRUE
- 36 - PLANT FORM From the upper to the lower surface in dicot leaves, what are the 2 layers of mesophyll?
- 1. Palisade 2. Spongy
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are the 6 types of modified leaves?
- 1. Bracts (floral) 2. Spines 3. Reproductive 4. Window 5. Shade 6. Insectivorous
- 36 - PLANT FORM What are 3 examples of plants with insectivorous leaves?
- 1. Venus flytrap 2. Sundew 3. Pitcher plant
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What are the 3 products of a female plant gametophyte?
- 1. Egg (n) 2. 2 polar nuclei (n) 3. 2 synergids
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What are the 2 products of a male plant gametophyte?
- 1. 2 sperm (n) 2. Pollen tube
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What are the 2 structures involved in double-fertilization?
- 1. Zygote (2n) 2. Endosperm (3n)
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT Double-fertilization involves a ______ zygote and a ______ endosperm.
- diploid, triploid
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What are the 4 steps of plant embryogenesis?
- 1. Zygote undergoes mitosis 2. Root-shoot axis forms 3. Tissue systems form 4. Coyledons form
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What are the 2 products of mitosis by a plant zygote?
- 1. Embryo (small) 2. Suspensor (large)
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT Dicots have __ cotyledon(s) and monocots have __ cotyledon(s). [number]
- 2, 1
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT MORPHOGENESIS
- Development of an organism's body form
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT MORPHOGENS
- Influence differentiation of nearby cells
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT Developmental mutations in suspensors result in what?
- Embryo-like development
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What are the 3 embryogenesis characteristics of angiosperms?
- 1. Storage of food 2. Formation of seed coat 3. Development of ovary into fruit
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What are 4 functions of seeds?
- 1. Protection 2. Facilitation of dispersal 3. Provision of food for the embryo 4. Creation of a dormant life cycle phase
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What are the 3 main structures composing seeds?
- 1. Seed coat 2. Endosperm 3. Dormant embryo
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What 3 structures exist within a seed's dormant embryo?
- 1. Basic tissue systems 2. Apical meristems 3. Cotyledons
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What simple fruit contains a single seed?
- Drupe
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What 4 simple fruits contain multiple seeds?
- 1. Berry 2. Pepo 3. Hesperidia 4. Pome
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What are the 2 types of compound fruits?
- 1. Multiple 2. Aggregate
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT A pineapple is what kind of fruit?
- Compound: multiple
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT A strawberry is what kind of fruit?
- Compound: aggregate
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What are 2 dry fruits?
- 1. Legume 2. Samara
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT PERICARP
- Ovary wall
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT From outside to inside, what 3 layers make up the plant ovary pericarp?
- 1. Exocarp 2. Mesocarp 3. Endocarp
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT CARPEL
- Developing fruit
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What are 5 methods of fruit dispersal?
- 1. Ingestion and transport 2. Clinging to animals 3. Cache burial 4. Wind dispersal 5. Drifting on water
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT GERMINATION
- Emergence of the first root (radicle) from a seed
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT RADICLE
- First root to emerge from a seed
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What 2 main signals determine germination?
- 1. Water content 2. Oxygen content
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT Besides water and oxygen content, what 4 factors determine germination?
- 1. Specific light wavelength 2. Specific photoperiod 3. Number of days at specific temperature 4. Cold stratification
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What 2 hormones control germination?
- 1. Gibberellic acid 2. Abcisic acid
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT Abcisic acid does what in seeds?
- Maintains dormancy
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT When gibberellic acid binds to cell membrane receptors, it signals the production of what?
- a-amylase
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT a-amylase production in a seed triggers the change of starch into what?
- Sugars
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT BENT HYPOCOTYL
- Early stem of a germinating dicot
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT The radicle of a monocot develops into what?
- Primary root
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT The radicle of a dicot develops into what?
- Primary and secondary roots
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT TRUE/FALSE: As a dicot develops its coyledons are drawn above-ground and wither.
- TRUE
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT The monocot coleoptile develops into what?
- First leaf
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT The monocot coleorhiza develops into what?
- Primary root
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What part of the dicot stem develops after the hypocotyl?
- Epicotyl
- 37 - PLANT DEVELOPMENT What are 3 adaptations of pine cones?
- 1. Open when exposed to fire 2. Leach inhibitory chemicals from seed coat 3. Pass through animal intestines
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT ADHESION
- When water molecules stick to a surface
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT COHESION
- When water molecules stick to each other
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT What 2 types of long-distance transport occur in plants?
- 1. Transpiration 2. Evaporation
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT ADHESION-COHESION-TENSION MODEL
- Method of water transport from roots to leaves in plants
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT From root to leaf, what are the 4 steps of the adhesion-cohesion-tension model of water transport in plants?
- 1. Absorption of water by root hairs 2. Transportation of water through cortex/endodermis into the stele 3. Movement of water up the plant stem 4. Pulling of water into leaves by adhesion-cohesion forces
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT What adhesion-cohesion force pulls water into plant leaves from the stem?
- Hydrogen bonding
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT What structure, containing what 2 components, is important in the transportation of water through the cortex and endodermis of a plant?
- Xylem: vessels, tracheids
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT How much water potential exists in soils?
- Close to 0
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT How much water potential exists in air?
- Negative
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT How do plants use water potential to create upward water flow in their stems?
- Close to 0 in soils ---> negative in air, water flows to "fill" the negative
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT What are 3 methods of water transport in plants?
- 1. Adhesion-cohesion-tension model 2. Water potential 3. Active transport
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT What are the 2 components of active water transport in plants?
- 1. Cations 2. Proton pump
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT DIFFUSION
- Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT OSMOSIS
- Diffusion of water
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT If a cell is dry (low water concentration inside), will water flow into or out of it?
- Into
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT TURGOR PRESSURE
- Pressure of cell contents against cell walls in plants
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT TURGID
- Full of water
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT PLASMOLYSIS
- When the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to water loss in a plant cell
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT What are the 2 materials carried by short-distance transport in plants?
- 1. Water 2. Molecules/Ions
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT Interactions of what 2 components are used by plants to transport water over short distances?
- 1. Bulk flow 2. Aquaporins
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT AQUAPORIN
- Structure in cell membrane that admits bulk flows of water
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT In what 3 ways do plants transport molecules/ions over short distances (diffusion)?
- 1. Membrane proteins 2. Active transport 3. Passive transport
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT TRUE/FALSE: Active transport requires ATP.
- TRUE
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT TRUE/FALSE: Passive transport requires ATP.
- FALSE
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT What are the 3 transport routes for water/minerals?
- 1. Apoplast (between 2 adjacent cell walls) 2. Symplast (cell network) 3. Transmembrane (over cell membranes)
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT APOPLAST
- Region between 2 adjacent cell walls
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT SYMPLAST
- Network of cells interconnected by plasmodesmata
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT TRANSMEMBRANE
- "Over" the cell membrane
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT Proton pumps help determine the directional flow of water by altering what gradient?
- Water potential
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT TRANSPIRATION
- Evaporation of water from the aerial parts of plants
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT GUTTATION
- Appearance of xylem sap on leaves
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT TRUE/FALSE: Dew comes from guttation.
- FALSE
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT CAVITATION
- Formation of vapor bubbles in flowing liquids where the liquid pressure falls below the vapor pressure
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT If an air bubble blocks water from progressing up a xylem vessel, where does the water go?
- To the adjacent xylem vessel
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT What 4 factors affect transpiration rate?
- 1. Temperature 2. Humidity 3. Wind velocity 4. CO2 concentration
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT What goes in and what goes out of plant stomata?
- In: CO2 Out: H2O
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT When a stoma is open, are its guard cells flaccid or turgid?
- Turgid
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT Guard cells operate on what principle?
- Turgor pressure
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT What are 4 ways plants react to water stress?
- 1. Modify leaves 2. Regulate opening/closing of stomata 3. Form aerenchyma (airy spaces) 4. Produce pneumatophores (aerial roots)
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT PNEUMATOPHORE
- Aerial root with lenticels
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT AERENCHYMA
- Airy compartment formed in response to water stress
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT What process does a plant phloem use to transport photosynthate and hormones?
- Translocation
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT What 2 materials are translocated by the phloem?
- 1. Photosynthate 2. Hormones
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT What are 3 sieve structures in the phloem?
- 1. Sieve cells 2. Sieve tube member cells 3. Companion cells
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT PRESSURE-FLOW HYPOTHESIS OF PHLOEM TRANSLOCATION
- High concentrations of organic contents in phloem cells at a source creates a diffusion gradient that pulls water into the source
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT Is a leaf a source or a sink?
- Source
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT Is a shoot tip a source or a sink?
- Sink
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT Is a root cortex a source or a sink?
- Sink
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT SYMPORT
- Membrane protein integral to phloem-loading
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT The pressure-flow hypothesis operates on what principle?
- Turgor pressure
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT Phloem-feeding organisms have what type of mouthparts?
- Piercing-Sucking
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT Photosynthate is transported by what method?
- Pressure-flow
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT Photosynthate travels through what 3 parts of a plant?
- 1. Chlorenchyma (palisade mesophyll parenchyma cells) 2. Symport 3. Phloem
- 38 - PLANT TRANSPORT Water/Minerals travel through what 3 parts of a plant?
- 1. Xylem 2. Mesophyll 3. Leaf (and out from there)
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS SOIL
- Highly weathered outer layer of earth's crust
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What are the 3 components of soil?
- 1. Solids (clay,silt,sand,rocks,humus) 2. Pore space (water & air) 3. Organisms
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What 5 materials make up the solid component of soil?
- 1. Clay 2. Silt 3. Sand 4. Rocks 5. Humus
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What 2 materials make up the pore space component of soil?
- 1. Water 2. Air
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What are 5 examples of soil parent material?
- 1. Limestone 2. Sandstone 3. Shale 4. Granite 5. Serpentine
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What 2 influences does a parent material exert on resulting soil?
- 1. Composition 2. Chemistry
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What are the 4 layers of soil?
- 1. A (topsoil) 2. B (subsoil) 3. C (soil base) 4. Bedrock
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What are the 3 components of topsoil?
- 1. Mineral particles 2. Humus 3. Organisms
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS In what soil layer are most plant roots found?
- Topsoil
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS Why do soils tend to pull positive ions out of root cells?
- Soil particles have negative charges
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS How does a root keep surrounding soils from leeching out its K+ and other positive ions?
- Active transport
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What are the 3 influences affecting mineral availability?
- 1. Parental material 2. Soil pH 3. Soil composition (texture)
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS Soil composition affects mineral availability in what 2 ways?
- 1. Water drainage speed 2. Nutrient binding
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS In what way does soil pH affect mineral availability?
- Low pH = certain minerals released from rocks
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS Acidic soil causes rocks to release what toxic mineral?
- Al
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What parent material creates Ca-rich soil?
- Limestone (CaCO3)
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What are the 3 main sources of plant energy?
- 1. Light 2. H2O 3. CO2
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS MACRONUTRIENT
- Needed in large amounts
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS MICRONUTRIENT
- Needed in small amounts
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What are the 9 macronutrients of plants?
- 1. Carbon 2. Oxygen 3. Hydrogen 4. Nitrogen 5. Potassium 6. Calcium 7. Magnesium 8. Phosphorus 9. Sulfur
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS Nitrogen helps plants create what?
- Amino acids
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS Potassium helps plants create what?
- Proteins (also stomata function use)
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS Phosphorus helps plants create what 5 materials?
- 1. ADP 2. ATP 3. Nucleic acids 4. Phospholipids 5. Coenzymes
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS Magnesium helps plants create what?
- Chlorophyll
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS HYDROPONICS
- Growth of plants in water (not soil) to observe the effects of single-nutrient removal
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What are the 4 special nutritional strategies of plants?
- 1. N-fixing bacteria 2. Carnivorous plants 3. Parasitic plants 4. Mycorrhizae (most common)
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS TRUE/FALSE: Plants can use the abundant N2 in the atmosphere.
- FALSE
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What bacteria fixes Nitrogen for plants?
- Rhizobium
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What 3 things do plants provide for N-fixing bacterial partners?
- 1. Nodules (habitat) 2. Carbohydrates 3. Leghemoglobin (regulates O2)
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What are 2 structures unique to carnivorous plants?
- 1. Modified leaves 2. Digestive enzymes
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS 90% of vascular plants have what kind of symbiotic relationship?
- Mycorrhizae
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What 2 parts of the host do parasitic plants invade?
- 1. Vascular tissue (dodder) 2. Mycorrhizae (indian pipie)
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What are 2 examples of parasitic plants?
- 1. Dodder 2. Indian pipe
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What are 3 causes of soil loss and nutrient depletion?
- 1. Erosion 2. Cultivation 3. Salinization
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS Plowing/Harvesting causes what type of soil loss?
- Erosion
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS Cultivation causes depletion of what?
- Nutrients
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What are 2 causes of salinization?
- 1. Irrigation 2. Draining of wetlands
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What are 3 agricultural management strategies that minimize soil loss and nutrient depletion?
- 1. Crop rotation (intercropping) 2. Conservation tillage 3. Biochar
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS How can the nutritional value of crops be improved?
- Genetic modification
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS PHYTOREMEDIATION
- Use of plants to concentrate or break down pollutants
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What are the 3 courses of phytoremediation?
- 1. Phytovolatilization 2. Phytoaccumulation 3. Phytodegradation
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS TCE
- Trichloroethylene (CO2 + Cl)
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What plant is used to phytodegrade TCE?
- Poplar tree
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What are 2 advantages and 1 disadvantage of poplar trees as phytoremediators?
- ADVANTAGES: 1. Large size 2. High transpiration rate DISADVANTAGES: 1. Some phytovolatilization
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What 2 plants can effectively phytodegrade low levels of TNT?
- 1. Poplar 2. Bean
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS TNT
- Trinitrotoluene
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What species is commonly used to phytoaccumulate heavy metals?
- Brassica juncea
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS After a B. juncea has become concentrated with phytoaccumulations of heavy metals, what should be done with it?
- Harvest and dry
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What are disadvantages of heavy metal phytoaccumulation?
- 1. Uses small plants which are quickly saturated 2. Grazed on by animals
- 39 - PLANT NUTRITION AND SOILS What are 3 heavy metal targets of phytoaccumulation?
- 1. Arsenic 2. Cadmium 3. Lead
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES The coevolutionary arms race between plants and herbivores was described by what 2 scientists?
- 1. Peter Raven 2. Paul Ehrlich
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What are the 4 steps of the coevolutionary arms race?
- 1. Plant evolves defense 2. Plant survives to pass on genes 3. Herbivore experiences mutation that allows it to breach defense 4. Herbivore survives and passes on genes
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What are the 2 groups of plant defenses?
- 1. Morphological 2. Chemical
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What are the 2 states of plant defenses?
- 1. Constitutive 2. Induced
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What are the 6 threats to plants?
- 1. Bacteria 2. Fungi 3. Viruses/Viroids 4. Nematodes 5. Herbivores 6. Other plants
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES Why are non-native organisms a significant threat to native plants?
- No time to evolve new defenses
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What 3 features make dermal tissues the first line of plant defense?
- 1. Trichomes 2. Prickles 3. Silica inclusions
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES Modified stems and modified leaves produce what kind of dermal defenses?
- Modified stems: thorns Modified leaves: spines
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES Bark is a ____ tissue.
- Dermal
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES In what 3 ways can dermal defenses be breached?
- 1. Mechanical wounds 2. Penetration 3. Fungal infections of stomata
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES SECONDARY METABOLITES
- Byproducts of normal chemical processes within plants, not needed for life
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES Chemical defenses are composed of _______ _____.
- Secondary metabolites
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What are the 2 groups of chemical defenses?
- 1. Qualitative (low conc) 2. Quantitative (high conc)
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL DEFENSE
- Defense present at low concentrations, effective against specialists and generalists
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL DEFENSE
- Defense present at high concentrations, effective against generalists
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What are the 2 types of qualitative chemical defenses?
- 1. Toxins 2. Growth regulators
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What are 4 qualitative toxins?
- 1. Cyanide 2. Caffeine 3. Nicotine 4. Rotenone
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What are 2 qualitative growth regulators?
- 1. Juvenile hormone 2. Phytoestrogens
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES In what 3 ways do quantitative chemical compounds defend plants?
- 1. Unpalatable/Illness-causing 2. Interferes with digestion 3. Repellent
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What quantitative chemical compound interferes with digestion of plant material by binding proteins?
- Tannin
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES Most plant repellents are ____.
- Oils
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What is an example of a repellent quantitative chemical compound used by plants?
- Menthol
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES Socrates was forced to drink a solution containing the toxin of what plant?
- Hemlock
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What plant toxin has historically been used for assassinations?
- Ricin
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES Castor bean plants produce what toxin?
- Ricin
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What are 5 beneficial plant toxins?
- 1. Phytoestrogens 2. Taxol 3. Quinine 4. Morphine 5. Salicylic acid
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES Where does salicylic acid come from?
- Willow bark
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES ALLELOPATHY
- Process by which plants block seed germination and inhibit growth in order to minimize resource competition
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What are 3 plants that practice allelopathy?
- 1. Black walnut 2. Juniper 3. Spotted knapweed
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES Small armies of ants protect what kind of tree in exchange for food and shelter?
- Acacia
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES How does a plant signal to parasitoid wasps where a caterpillar is?
- Volatile compounds released when caterpillar bites into leaf material
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES How are induced defenses induced?
- Leaf injury
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What are the 2 types of induced defenses?
- 1. Local 2. Systemic
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What 2 acids are involved in induced defenses?
- 1. Jasmonic 2. Salicylic
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES PROTEINASE INHIBITORS
- Bind to herbivore digestive enzymes to make plant material undigestable
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What are the 4 steps of the induced defense biochemical pathway?
- 1. Wounded leaf releases systemin 2. Systemin attaches to cell membrane receptor 3. Cell produced jasmonic acid 4. Jasmonic acid presence signals production of proteinase inhibitors
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES HYPERSENSITIVE RESPONSE
- Induced defense: rapid cell death
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES PHYTOALEXINS
- Antimicrobial agents
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What are 2 examples of phytoalexins?
- 1. Hydrogen peroxide 2. Nitric oxide
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE (SAR)
- Induced defense: temporary broad resistance to a pathogen
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What are the 2 defenses of conifers?
- 1. Constitutive: resin canals 2. Induced: hypersensitive lesions
- 40 - PLANT DEFENSES What is the defense of deciduous trees?
- Induced: callus overgrowth
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS
- Light-controlled morphological change
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS PHOTOTROPISM
- Light-controlled directional growth
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What are 2 examples of photomorphogenesis?
- 1. Flowering 2. Shoot elongation
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS PHYTOCHROME
- Light-absorbing pigment
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS TRUE/FALSE: Phytochrome is present in all plants.
- TRUE
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What are 3 plant growth responses involving phytochrome?
- 1. Seed germination 2. Shoot elongation 3. Plant spacing detection
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What are the 2 parts of phytochrome?
- 1. Chromophore 2. Apoprotein
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What is the function of chromophore in phytochrome?
- 1. Light-sensitive 2. Conformational change
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What is the function of apoprotein in phytochrome?
- Initiates signal-transduction pathway
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What are the 2 interconvertible forms of phytochrome?
- 1. Pr (inactive) 2. Pfr (active)
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What happens to far-red light absorbed by Pfr?
- Converted back to Pr and tagged by ubiquitin for degradation
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS UBIQUITIN
- Phytochrome degradation tag applied to Pr
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS Does increasing red light stimulate or inhibit seed germination?
- Stimulates
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS Does increasing far-red light stimulate or inhibit seed germination?
- Inhibits
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS Why does a closed canopy inhibit seed germination?
- Leaf chlorophyll absorbs red light and only far-red light reaches the seed
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS When a shoot lacks red light, what process occurs?
- Etiolation (elongation)
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS ETIOLATION
- Elongation of pale, slender shoot in response to an absence of red light
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What are the 5 steps that bend a growing stem toward blue light?
- 1. Phototropin 1 (membrane receptor protein) absorbs blue light 2. Conformational change 3. Phosphate attaches 4. Signaling pathway initiates 5. Stem bends
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS PHOTOTROPIN 1
- Membrane receptor protein that absorbs blue light
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS TRUE/FALSE: Both plants and eukaryotes have circadian rhythms.
- TRUE
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
- Day-night cycle
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What are 3 results of circadian rhythms in plants?
- 1. Leaf/Flower petal movements 2. Stomatal opening 3. Fragrance release
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What are the 4 characteristics of circadian rhythms?
- 1. Continue in absence of external inputs 2. 24-hour duration 3. Can be reset 4. Compensate for differences in temperature
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS GRAVITROPISM
- Plant response to gravity
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS Shoots exhibit ___ gravitropism, roots exhibit ___ gravitropism.
- Negative, positive
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS In what 3 steps does a plant stem curve upward?
- 1. Auxin accumulates on lower side 2. Asymmetrical cell elongation 3. Stem curves upward
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS In what 3 steps does a plant root grow downward?
- 1. Lower cells less elongated 2. Upper side cells grow rapidly 3. Root grows downward
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS THIGMOMORPHOGENESIS
- Permanent form change due to mechanical stresses
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What is 1 stressor that can cause thigmomorphogenesis?
- Constant wind
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS THIGMOTROPISM
- Directional plant growth due to contact
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What is 1 example of a thigmotropism?
- Curling of tendrils around objects
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What are 2 examples of reversible changes in turgor pressure?
- 1. Venus flytrap leaf snapping 2. Mimosa pudica leaf closing
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS TRUE/FALSE: Both water leaving a turgid cell and water entering a flaccid cell can cause plant movement.
- TRUE
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What is an example of light-triggered turgor movement?
- Sunflower following sun
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What are 2 plants that experience circadian turgor movement?
- 1. Four o'clocks 2. Primrose
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What are 2 functions of nyctinastic turgor movement?
- 1. Reduce nightly water loss 2. Maximize daytime photosynthesis
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What is typically the first step in deciduous plant dormancy?
- Leaf abcission
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What are the 2 layers of a leaf abcission zone?
- 1. Protective layer (suberin) 2. Separation layer
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What 2 compounds are reduced at the start of leaf abcission?
- 1. Cytokinins 2. Auxin
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS HORMONE
- Chemical produced in one part of an organism that are transported to another part, where they exert a response
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What are the 5 most important major plant hormones?
- 1. Auxin 2. Cytokinins 3. Gibberellins 4. Ethylene 5. Abcisic acid
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS 5 functions of AUXIN
- 1. Promotes cell elongation 2. Promotes cell division 3. Promotes bud dormancy 4. Promotes formation of adventitious and lateral roots 5. Inhibits leaf abcission
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS Where is AUXIN produced?
- Apical meristems
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What 2 scientists discovered AUXIN?
- 1. Charles Darwin 2. Francis Darwin
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS 6 functions of CYTOKININS
- 1. Promotes cell division/differentiation 2. Promotes growth of lateral buds into branches 3. Promotes chloroplast development 4. Promotes bud formation 5. Inhibits lateral root formation 6. Delays leaf aging/abcission
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS Crown gall tumors form when a plant pathogen induces increased production of what 2 plant hormones?
- 1. Auxin 2. Cytokinins
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS 2 functions of GIBBERELLINS
- 1. Promotes shoot elongation 2. Promotes seed germination enzyme production
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS GIBBERELLINS can restore what?
- Normal growth to dwarf mutants
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS What commercial use does GIBBERELLINS have?
- Larger grapes
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS 3 functions of ETHYLENE
- 1. Inhibits stem/root elongation 2. Controls leaf/flower/fruit abcission 3. Hastens fruit ripening
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS Transgenic tomatoes can be ripened by the addition of what hormone?
- Ethylene
- 41 - PLANT SENSORY SYSTEMS 5 functions of ABSCISIC ACID
- 1. Induces dormant winter bud formation 2. Inhibits bud growth/elongation 3. Promotes senescence 4. Promotes seed dormancy 5. Regulates stoma opening/closure
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION What are the 7 stages of the angiosperm life cycle and is each one haploid or diploid?
- 1. Gametes produced (n) 2. Fertilization (2n) 3. Embryo development (2n) 4. Seed and fruit maturation (2n) 5. Seed dispersal and germination (2n) 6. Plant body development (2n) 7. Maturation and flowering (2n)
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION A COMPLETE flower contains what 4 whorls (structures)?
- 1. Calyx 2. Corolla 3. (male) Androecium 4. (female) Gynoecium
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION INCOMPLETE flowers lack 1 or more of what 4 whorls (structures)?
- 1. Calyx 2. Corolla 3. (male) Androecium 4. (female) Gynoecium
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION ANDROECIUM
- All stamens
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION GYNOECIUM
- All carpels
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION COROLLA
- All petals
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION CALYX
- All sepals
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION What are the 2 parts of a stamen?
- 1. Anther 2. Filament
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION What are the 3 parts of a carpel?
- 1. Stigma 2. Style 3. Ovary (w/ovule)
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION POLLEN GRAIN
- Male gametophyte
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION EMBRYO SAC WITH HAPLOID NUCLEIC
- Female gametophyte
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION Angiosperms have __ sporophytes and __ gametophytes. [n]
- Diploid (2n), haploid (n)
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION In what 2 ways is plant reproduction generally different from animal reproduction?
- 1. Monoecious 2. Reproductive structures are not permanent
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION POLLINATION
- When pollen reaches the stigma
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION What are the 4 pollination strategies of plants?
- 1. Self-pollination 2. Cross-pollination/Outcrossing 3. Pollinator attraction 4. Pollinator coevolution
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION What are 3 ways a plant can attract a pollinator?
- 1. Nectar 2. Fragrance 3. Colors
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION What are the 2 features of flowers attractive to insect pollinators?
- 1. Yellow color 2. UV designs (bullseye, landing strip)
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION What feature makes a flower attractive to butterflies?
- Flat landing platform
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION What 2 features make a flower attractive to moths?
- 1. White/pale 2. Heavily scented
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION What feature makes a flower attractive to flies?
- Scent like rotting meat
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION What color is a flower that attracts animal pollinators?
- Red
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION Is a red flower obvious or inconspicuous to insects?
- Inconspicuous
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION Monkeys are attracted to fruits of what 2 colors?
- 1. Orange 2. Yellow
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION How do flowers attract bats and small rodent pollinators?
- Species-specific signals
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION What are the 5 characteristics of plants that utilize wind pollination?
- 1. Small, green, odorless flowers 2. Reduced/absent corollas 3. Flowers grouped in pendants/tassels 4. Dioecious 5. Large pollen output
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION Wind pollination greatly promotes what?
- Outcrossing
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION What do the flowers of self-pollinating plants look like?
- Small, inconspicuous
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION Why is self-pollination favored in stable environments?
- 1. No need for pollinators 2. Uniform offspring best adapted to environment
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION What are 3 pollination strategies that promote outcrossing?
- 1. Separation of male/female structures in space 2. Separation of male/female structures in time (dichogamy) 3. Self-incompatibility
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION DICHOGAMY
- Stamens and pistils reach maturity at different times
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION What are the 2 types of self-incompatibility?
- 1. Gametophytic (block occurs after pollen tube germination) 2. Sporophytic (pollen tube does not germinate)
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION Gametophytic self-incompatibility is determined by what genotype?
- Haploid pollen genotype
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION Sporophytic self-incompatibility is determined by what genotype?
- Diploid pollen parent genotype
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION DOUBLE-FERTILIZATION
- When 2 sperm enter the ovary, 1 fusing with the egg to form a 2n zygote, the other forming with 2 polar nuclei to form a 3n endosperm
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION Double-fertilization is unique to what group of plants?
- Angiosperms
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION What are the 7 steps of double-fertilization?
- 1. Pollen lands on stigma 2. Pollen forms pollen tube that pierces the style 3. Pollen forms 2 sperm cells 4. Pollen tube grows and enters one of the synergids 5. Both sperm cells travel down pollen tube 6. One sperm cell fuses with the egg to form a 2n zygote 7. One sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form a 3n endosperm
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION What are the 3 forms of asexual reproduction in plants?
- 1. Adventitious stems 2. Suckers 3. Modified leaves
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION What are 2 types of adventitious stems used in asexual plant reproduction?
- 1. Runners/Stolons 2. Rhizomes
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION Is asexual reproduction by plants common in stable or harsh environments?
- Harsh
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION TRUE/FALSE: Herbaceous plants live longer than woody plants.
- FALSE
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION How long can a bristlecone pine live?
- 4000+ years
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION PERRENIAL
- Indefinite number of growing seasons, herbaceous or woody plants
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION DECIDUOUS
- Perrennial plant with yearly leaf fall
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION EVERGREEN
- Perennial plant with leaves falling throughout the year
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION ANNUAL
- One-year growing season, herbaceous plants
- 42 - PLANT REPRODUCTION BIENNIAL
- Two-year growing season, 1st year - energy storage, 2nd year - flowering