AP Euro: Ch18: The Age of Enlightenment: 1-48
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
-
ch18
writers, critics who forged new attitudes favorable to change and who florished in the emerging print culture -
philosophes
ch18#1 -
ch18
approach study in mature way; empirical support; concrete experience; rationality in the physical world; if nature rational then so should society -
Newtonian worldview
ch18#2 -
ch18
all humans enter world blank; personality product of sensation ffrom experience -
John Lock/ An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)
ch18#3 -
ch18
we enter as blank slate -
tabula rasa
ch18#4 -
ch18
voice of enlightenment; conveiction of need for change in France and admiration of Britian; -
Francois Marie Arouet/ Voltaire
ch18#5 -
ch18
praised virtues of English and indirectly criticized French society -
1773: Letters on the English
ch18#6 -
ch18
popularized the thoughts of Voltaire -
1738: Elements of the Philosophy of Newton
ch18#7 -
ch18
Voltaire worte fo many essays, history papers, plays, stories, and letters -
"literary dictator"
ch18#8 -
ch18
satire-attacked war and what he reguarded as unwarnted optimism about human condition -
1759: Candide
ch18#9 -
ch18
culture on which books, journals, newspapers, and pamphlets had achieved a status of their own -
"print culture"
ch18#10 -
ch18
English essayist, critic, and dictinary; published as books collections of essays that had first appeared in newspapers or journals -
Samuel Johnson
ch18#11 -
ch18
fostered the value of polite conversations and the reading of books -
The Spectator: Joseph Addison/ Richard Steel
ch18#12 -
ch18
one of teh greatest undertakings in print culture; 17 volmes; most advanced ideals on religion, gov, philosophy, etc. -
Encyclopedia/ Denis Diderot/ Jean Le Rond d' Alembert
ch18#13 -
ch18
summed up attitude of a # pf philosophes toward church and Chritianity -
"Crush the Infamous Thing"
ch18#14 -
ch18
philosophes believed that life of religion and life of reason could be combined giving rise to new movement -
deism
ch18#15 -
ch18
early deist work; indicated general tenor of this religious outlook-religion natural and rational -
1696: Christanity Not Mysterious/ John Toland
ch18#16 -
ch18
accused of having murdered his con to precent him from converting to RC; tortured and strangled and never confessed -
Jean Calas
ch18#17 -
ch18
hounded authorities for new investigation for Calas; 1765 judicial decision was reversed -
1763: Treatise on Tolerance
Ch18#18 -
ch18
german playwrite and critic; a ploea for toleration of Christiansects and other religions -
1779: Nathan the Wise/ Gotthold Lessing
ch18#19 -
ch18
voltire: humerously pointed out inconsistencies in biblical narratives and immoral acts of heros -
1764: Philosophical Dictionary
ch18#20 -
ch18
argued that no empirical evidence supported the belief in divine miracles central to Cristianity -
1748: Of Miracles (Inquiry into Human Nature): David Hume
ch18#21 -
ch18
explained rise of Christianityin terms of natural causes rather than the influence of miracles and piety -
1776: The Decline and the Fall of the Roman Empire: Edward Gibbon
ch18#22 -
ch18
opened enlightment to larger debate over relgiion and place of Jews in European life -
Baruch Spinoza
ch18#23 -
ch18
Spinoza indentified God and nature closely -
Ethics
ch18#24 -
ch18
Spinoza anticipated religious criticism of the Enlightenment and attacks power of superstition in human life -
1670: Theologic-Political Treatise
ch18#25 -
ch18
leading Jewish philosopher--advocated the entry of Jews into modern Eruropean life; posibility of loyalty to Judaism combined with adherence to rational enlightenment values -
Moses Mendelsohn (Jewish Socrates)
ch18#26 -
ch18
Mendelsohn argued both for advancing extensive relgious toleration and maintaining religious distiction of Jewish communities -
1783: Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism
ch18#27 -
ch18
applied critical analysis to problem of making punishments both effective and just -
1764: On Crime adn Punishment: Cesare Becarria
ch18#28 -
ch18
philosophes in France; mercantilsm and regulation of labor hampered trade expansion etc.; gov protect property -
physiocrates
ch18#29 -
ch18
physiocrates leaders in France -
Francois Quesnay/ Pierre Dupont de Nemours
ch18#30 -
ch18
important economic work of Enlightenment; economic liberty was the foundation of natural economic sys -
1776: Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations: Adam Smith
ch18#31 -
ch18
Smith founder; favors limited role for gov in economic life -
Iaissez-faire
ch18#32 -
ch18
human societies can be classified as hunting, gathering, agric, commercia -
four-stage theory
ch18#33 -
ch18
noble of rode, lawyer; Bordeaux Academy of Science and presented papers on science topics -
Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu
ch18#34 -
ch18
Montesquieu: satirize contemporary institutions; how Euro behavior contrasted w/ Persian -
1721: The Persian Letters
ch18#35 -
ch18
example of British constitution as the wisest model for regulating teh power of gov -
1748: The Spirit of Laws
ch18#36 -
ch18
antipathy for world and society; humans can't live by commercial values to live lives -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
ch18#37 -
ch18
process of civilization and enlightenment had corrupted human nature -
1750: Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Science
ch18#38 -
ch18
blamed musch evil in the world on uneven distribution of property -
1755: Discourse on the Origins of Inequality
ch18#39 -
ch18
does not propose reforms but outlines political structure that he believed would overcome evils of contemporary politics and society -
1762: The Socail Contract/ Locke
ch18#40 -
ch18
mistress of Louis XV-key role in effort to censor Encyclopedia; helped block circulation of works attacking philosopes -
Marquise de Pompadour
ch18#41 -
ch18
set forth radical version of view that men and women occupy seperate shperes; women suvordinate men -
1762: Emile/ Rousseau
ch18#42 -
ch18
brought Rousseau before judgment of rational Enlightenment ideal of progressive knowledge -
1792: A Vindication of the Rights of Women/ Mary Wollstonecraft
ch18#43 -
ch18
declared "Peter was born, and Russia was formed" -
1759: History of the Russian Empire Under Peter the Great/ Voltaire
ch18#44 -
ch18
noneconomic policies; Hohenzollern policy of toleration; allowed Catholics and Jews; appointed Prot. major positions; "first servant of teh state" -
Frederick the Great of Prussia
ch18#45 -
ch18
Austria was the most diverse in its people and problems -
"vast holding company"
ch18#46 -
ch18
support nobility; attempted to suppress internal varriers to trade; friend of philosophes -
Catherine the Great
ch18#47 -
ch18
guaranteed nobles rights; empress had no choice but to favor nobles -
1785: The Charter of Nobility
ch18#48