History - Church and State
Terms
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- "5 Good Emperors⬝
- (100s) – a period in which Roman rulers used extreme moderation. Each of the emperors picked a successor.
- 3rd century Crisis
- (200s) – near collapse of the Roman Empire. Ruled by over 35 generals.
- Arianism
- a “heretic†view of the Christian faith originated by Arius, which states that Jesus Christ and God were not of the same substance. Declared heretical at the First Council of Nicaea.
- Augustine of Hippo
- (300s-400s) – Was a priest of the Hippo church, before becoming the bishop. Lived by the monastic rule. Wrote “The City of Godâ€.
- Boniface VIII
- (1300s) – As Pope, issued some of the most boldface claims to temporal and spiritual supremacy. Got into a quarrel with Philip of France.
- Canossa
- a castle located in Tuscany. Henry IV went to Canossa in 1077, and begged Pope Gregory VII to life the excommunication that had been placed on him.
- Charlemagne
- (800s) – king of the Franks. Pope Leo III crowned him Emperor. Known for starting a new renaissance in literature and art.
- Charles Martel
- (700s) – won the battle of tours, and stopped the Arabs from spreading Islam in Europe.
- Christine de Pisan
- (1400s) – French poet and one of the first women authors in Europe. Wrote “Dit de la roseâ€, a commentary to the Romance of the Roses.
- Concordat of Worms
- (1122) – an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Henry V. Ended the Investiture Controversy. Allowed for bribe-free elections of bishops, but allowed the Emperor to be present at elections, and invest those elected with their lay-rights.
- Council of Rheims
- selected Leo IX to be the next Pope. Dealt with bringing reforms to the church.
- Courtly love
- a formalized system of admiration and courtship directed at a member of the opposite sex, usually toward a person married to someone other than the admirer. Upper class.
- Diocletian
- (200s-300s) – Roman emperor. Ruled the Eastern half of the empire. Process of Tetrarchy began, and four emperors were in control of the Roman empire.
- Donation of Constantine
- (“320â€) – fraudulent document which purported Pope Sylvester I and his successors sovereignty over Rome, Italy, and the entire Western Roman Empire. Popes used the document as reasoning to assert power over Italy in 1400s.
- Fourth Lateran
- (1213) – summoned by Pope Innocent III, who made over 70 decrees, including producer and punishment for heretics, papal order, and rules of conduct for the clergy.
- Gregory I
- (500s) – gave power to the position of Pope. Worked for understanding between Eastern and Western Europe. Sent Augustine to convert the Anglo-Saxons.
- Gregory VII
- (1000s) – Became Pope during the Investiture Conflict. Weakened his position by calling a excommunication on Henry, only to have him repent, and then excommunicated again.
- Henry II (of England)
- (1100s) – Saw the writing of the first legal textbook (“Common Lawâ€). Became entangled with secular/church courts and Thomas Becket.
- Henry IV (of Germany)
- (1000s) – Began the Investiture Controversy, by insisting that secular rulers be allowed to pick clergymen. Was excommunicated from the church.
- Heresy
- religious opinion or doctrine maintained in opposition, or held to be contrary, to the ‘catholic’ or orthodox doctrine of the Christian Church. i.e. Arianism.
- Humbert
- (900s) – first count of the House of Savoy. Supported the Emperor of Rome during the campaigns of Rudolph of Burgundy, and received land in return for his services.
- Leo IX
- (1000s) – Pope that saw reforms were needed in the Church. Went on a “tour†bringing together clergymen together, to discuss reforms, and to issue decrees.
- Merovingians
- (500s-800s) – a dynasty of Frankish kings. Kings appointed counts to settle disputes, which led to a feudal system.
- Pepin the Short
- (700s) – King of the Franks. Father of Charlemagne. Became king after gaining support from the papacy – repaid them by going to war with the Lombards.
- Philip II (of France)
- (1100s) – also referred to as Philip Augustus. Unified and consolidated France, and took Normandy from King John. Popular with the people.
- Philip IV (France)
- (1300s) – Took hefty taxes from the French clergy, which enraged the papacy. Created laws which forced clergy to pay, and limited the papacies powers in the nation.
- Robert Grosseteste
- (1200s) – Bishop of Lincoln.
- Romance of the Rose
- (1200s) – a scathing attack on women in late medieval culture.
- Paul
- (100s) – considered by many to be most important disciple of Jesus. Wrote a large portion of the New Testament.
- Scholasticism
- (1000s) – method of teaching and learning. For example, the Bible would be read, and then a commentary of it would be written based on the scholar’s viewpoints.
- Thomas Aquinas
- (1200s) - Catholic philosopher who gave birth to the Thomistic school of philosophy.
- Unam Sanctam
- (1300s) – a papal bull issued by Pope Boniface VIII. Declared that the Pope was the head of the church, and that every human was subject to the Church. Damaging to Boniface.