mass comm test 1
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- transmission of a message from a source to a reciever
- basic definition of communication
- 4 types of communication
- interpersonal, intrapersonal, group, mass
- the way a message is sent out
- encoding
- the interpretatin of a message
- decoding
- concentration of media industries into a smaller number of companies
- oligopoly
- direspect of nations customs, values, and culture by far away companies
- diversity of expression issue
- narrowcasting, niche marketing, targeting, less of mass audience
- audience defragmentation
- groups of ppl bound by only an interest in a given form of media content
- taste publics
- rise in commercials
- hypercommercialism
- radio stations accepting payment for playing a company's record
- payola
- companies selling music, shows, movies online
- convergance
- a corporation dealing in multiple businesses
- synergy
- the era in ML where language was local and specialized, history was handed down orally and memory was key
- oral cultures
- allowed history to be written down
- invention of writing
- social and cultural rules and structures changed, meaning in language more uniform, no longer local, political and military expansion occured power was with literacy
- Literate culture
- invented in 1446; movable metal type; allowed ppl to have books, become literate, helped sped up rise of democracy; gave regular ppl powerful voice
- Gutenberg Press
- the media deciding what issued people think about by what is reported
- agenda setting
- looking at content of media
- content analysis
- wrote the book public opinion about where issues came from and how public opinion is formed in 1927
- Walter Litman
- the idea of guarding what came in and out of the public info bank evolved in 1947
- gate keeping
- in 1950 he studied 'mr. gate' and looked at why he put certain stories in the paper
- David Manning White
- looked at the influence that gatekeeping had on audience; used content analysis and surveys; found issues in paper were more impor for audience; 1972
- Macoums and Shaw
- the idea that ppl remember what they last read and saw in a shorter period of time better than longer ago
- 6 week span
- studied how the media orientes you to environment; especially in political elections; you recall more; 1973
- Macoums and Weaver
- in 1980 looked at influence on the gate keeper himself; who influences him?
- whitney and becker
- in 1987 studied local newspapers and saw that not all issued in paper were on agenda for all people
- smith
- looked at news watchers attentiveness of media in 1985; individual concerns more imp than local or widespread ones
- Hill, Bayer, Inger
- 3 and a half year study on media and found that most recent news had highest importance on people's radar in 1989
- Eden
- explanations and predicatinos of social phenomenon that attempts to relate mass comm to various aspects of out personal and cultural lvies or social systems
- mass communications
- the theory that deals with cultivation analysis; by george gerbner in 1960's ; it is a meaning theory
- cultivation theory
- a modeling theory that says ppl model their behavior after what they see on media
- social cognitive learning theory
- theory that attitude toward something can shape our behavior regarding it
- attitude change theory
- states when people are confronted by news or conflicing info they experience mental discomfort
- dissonance theory
- if media have any imapct it is in the direction of reinforcement
- reinforcement theory
- says ppl become more and more dependant on media to understand the world around them
- dependency theory
- the theory that media operate to justidy and support the status quo at the expence of ordinary ppl
- critical culture theory
- says ppl are oppressed by those who control the mass media
- neo marxist theory
- centered in neomarxism and sees the consumption of art as a way to better lives
- frankfurt school of media theory
- provided a home for feminist research
- british cultural theory
- people who share culture also share meaning
- social construction of reality
- collections of meaning assigned to some situations
- typification schemes
- the idea that media would have an immediate effect on people exposed to it
- hypodermic needle theory
- lazereld's idea that not everyone gets info from media but the public opinion leaders are effected
- two-step flow
- having no real life expereince with someone or something but have been exposed by media
- exposed vicariously
- people expose themselve only to messages consistent with preexisting beliefs
- selective exposure
- ppl remember what is consistent with preexisting beliefs
- selective retention
- ppl interpret messages in a manner that is consistent with preexisting beliefs
- selective perecpetion/interpretation
- claims that media doesnt to things to ppl, but ppl do thing with media; influence depends on how ppl allow it and this stresses the recirocal nature of mass comm
- uses and gratification approach
- asserts that media must remain free of government control but must also serve the public; accpet and fulfill certain obligations and set high standards of prof, truth, accuracy and objectivity
- social responsibility theory
- explains how media should ideally operate
- normative theories
- stations that operate from outside the region they transmit
- exogenous stations
- stations operating from inside the region they transmit
- indigenous stations
- illegally operated stations; some have become powerful and subsidized by companies
- pirated stations
- coordinated ownership and operations of american satellite communications system;
- comsat; communications satelite corp
- concept used in great britain; recognizes that no completely free media system exists and that the government ensures media meet responsibilities
- western concept of media
- 3rd world; honduras; says gov't and media work together to ensure media assists in the development of a country; content designed to meet needs
- development concept of media
- poland; has 4 aims: 1) ending government monopoly over info 2) help organization of opposition 3) destroy legitamacy of current government 4) bring down standing goverenment
- revolutionary concept of media
- communism; china; subjection of media for serving government
- authoritive concept of media
- invasion of an indeginous ppl's culture by powerful foreign countries by mass media
- cultural imperialism
- make an effort to understand content, pay attention and filter out noise; understand and respect power of media; know emotional from reasoned reactions
- 3 steps of media literacy
- expect more of media content; know genre conventions; think critically about media messagesl know internal languages
- 4 more steps of media literacy
-
encoder---message----decoder
interpreter interpreter
decoder---message----encoder - osgood and schramm's model of communication
-
source sends message
through medium
to a receiver
producing an effect - lasswell's model of communication
- "is a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transferred"
- james carey's defintion of communication
- where copyrighted material may be used w/o the permission or payment
- fair use
- the philosophy that people cannot govern themselves in a democracy unles they have access to the info they need for that governance
- libertarian
- in great briain; an officially issued notice of prior restraint
- D-notice
- limits on advertising and other public service requirments imposed on britain;s commericial broadcasters in exchange for the right to broadcast
- public service remit
- released in 1980 by United Natins Edu, Sci, Cultural org. and called for the est. of a new world info order; rejected by western nations
- MacBride report
- a special division of VOA established by Reagan to broadcast into communist cuba
- Radio Marti
- broadcast to all of the communist bloc eastern european countries during the cold war
- radio free europe
- aimed at listeners in the soviet union
- Radio Liberty
- same concept as radio free europe only in asia
- radio free asia
- originally built on premise that broadcasting was a public trust (social responsibility model); limits government control and commercials
- BBC
-
1)define situation
2)Identidy values
3)Identify principles
4)choose your loyalties - potters box of ethical decision making
- principles to consider when making ethical decisions
-
truth and honesty
privacy and confidentiality
personal conflict of interests and profit
social responsibilities
protection from offensive content