History Term Words
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- Ten Percent Plan (1863)
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-replace majority rule with loyal rule
-quick solution to please northern Democrats
-pardon all ex-confederates exc. High ranking officials
-10% of voters (white males, no blacks or women or newcomers) take loyalty oath
-return land...want to bring the South back into the Union
-Congress was displeasedÂ…terms to lenient - Wade Davis Bill (1864)
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-Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Congressman Davis of MD
-3 Conditions
1. majority of white male citizens in new government
2. men had to take an “iron clad” oath (that they never aided the Confederacy)
3. all officers above the rank of lieutenant and civil officials would be disfranchised and deemed “non citizens”
-must ban slavery, debts must be paid
-Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill - Thaddeus Stevens
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proposed the ‘conquered provinces’ theory…
-Drew up a plan for extensive confiscation and redistribution of land
- failed - FreedmanÂ’s Bureau (1865
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provided medical, healthcare, voting, education
-starts from charitiesÂ…no congressional funding
-supposed to be for only 1 year
-during Johnson's terms - Black Codes
- suppressed blacks freedom
- Mississippi Plan
- the people of Mississippi had a consistent system for keeping blacks from votingÂ… anything to keep republicans from getting elected
- Enforcement Acts (1870/71)
- things congress set up to enforce the rules in the south, Klan Act- government right to persecute Klan members, right to suspend habeas corpus and allow federal troops to go in
- Compromise of 1877
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Disputed Election of 1876
-disputed electoral votes in southern statesÂ…
-Hayes was said to have won based on a DEAL- Republican
-promised he would take federal troops out of the South
-ended Reconstruction - Exodusters
- 1877 the freedmen who leave the south and go to Kansas
- 13th Amendment (1865)
- abolished slavery, and gave Congress power to enforce this outcome
- 14th Amendment (1868)
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1.-granted slaves citizenships and guaranteed “privileges and immunities”
-due process of law
-equal protection of the laws
2. -declared the Confederate debt null and voidÂ… made it a US debt
3. -barred Confederate leaders from holding state and federal offices
4. –blacks given a full vote- came up with other rule stop prevent blacks (Jim crow laws) - 15th Amendment (1870)
- forbade states to deny the right to vote on account of race color, or servitudes
- Frederick Jackson Turner
- “frontier thesis”, the advancement of American settlement westward historian, American idealism came from the west “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” wrote to take ideals away from Europe
- John Muir
- naturalist helped to establish Yellow Stone Park in 1890
- Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 and 1890
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-gave each state federal land to sell in order to finance educational institutions that aided agricultural development.
Second Morrill Act- aided schools, and black colleges - Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)
- Congress passed, allowed the federal government to sell western public lands to individuals in parcels not to exceed 160 acres -controlled land but not water
- Battle of Little Big Horn (1876)
- led by Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Rain-in-the Face VS Custer (killed), right before the end of Reconstruction, last major battle the Indians won, Indians wiped out the entire regiment, considered a massacre, Indians say that the battle was between to armed armies
- Carlisle School, PA (1879)
- -served as a flagship of the governmentÂ’s Indian schools, boarding schools, established by reformers who viewed schools as tools to create a well-integrated patriotic, industrial nation, educated the Indian children to rid them of their barbaric habits
- Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
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- authorized dissolution of community-owned Indian property and granted land allotments to individual Native American families.
-government held trust for 25 years and families could not sell
-awarded citizenship to all who accepted allotments - Massacre at Wounded Knee (1890)
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-Federal troops win, Gooth Stand Movement
-encouraged people to dance themselves into a trance, armies scared Indians would unite, attacked a moving band of Indians and killed them all - Frederick W. Taylor
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-studied workers and devised a series of motions, which can me made quickest and best, mastered efficiencyÂ…
-Principles of Scientific Management (1898) - Social Darwinism
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philosophy from Charles DarwinÂ’s theory of survival of the fittest onto laissez faire
-doctrine said that government should not interfere in private economic affairs
-monopolies represented the natural accumulation of economic power by those best suited - Andrew Carnegie
- -leader of steel company, controlled all aspects of the business, did what was good and necessary for the society but not paying workers decent wagers, wrote the Gospel of Wealth
- The Gospel of Wealth
- Money received goes back to the peopleÂ…or so they say, believed in social Darwinism, that the big business leaders and other industrialists were guardians of societyÂ’s wealth and that they had a duty to fulfill their obligation in humane waysÂ… such as philanthropy
- Knights of Labor
- founded in Philly in 1869, Terence Powderly was the grand master, unskilled and skilled, men and women, blacks and whites (most inclusive), co-ops workers should become less dependent on workers, not violent quite influential
- American Federation of Labor
- an alliance of national craft unions, skilled workers, white only, men only, led by Samuel Gompers, wanted higher wages, shorter hours, and the right to bargain collectively, most successful
- Industrial Workers and the World (Wobblies)
- wanted to unify all laborers, wanted to seize and run the nationÂ’s industries, more violent, socialist and radical
- Railroad Strikes of 1877
- unionized railroad workers protested wage cuts, bad violence and destruction, Hayes had to send in troops to end the violence
- Haymarket Riot (1886)
- May 3, 1886 in Chicago, radical anarchist wanted the 8 hour work day, McCormick reaper factory, bombing blew up citizens
- Pullman Strike (1894)
- Car Company walked out in protest when George Pullman cut wages 25%, Eugene Debs aided the strike by refusing to handle any Pullman cars attached to any train- founder of the Socialist Party- goes to jail, Cleveland ended the strike
- Eugene Debs
- aided the strike by refusing to handle any Pullman cars attached to any train- founder of the Socialist Party- goes to jail, Cleveland ended the strike
- Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
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made illegal “every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in the restraint of trade”
-very vague, and ineffective - Henry George
- wrote Progress and Poverty (1879): single tax on unearned income, believed that inequality stemmed from the ability of a few to profit from rising land values
- Edward Bellamy
- wrote Looking Backward (1888): government owned all means of production, nationalism, no class conflict, believed competitive capitalism promoted waste, and that the establishment of a state in which government owned the means of production
- Upton Sinclair
- wrote The Jungle (1906): wrote a novel that disclosed crimes of the meatpacking industry, a fictional expose of the Chicago meatpacking plants, Roosevelt ordered the Meat Inspection Act in 1906, enforced government regulation
- Tenement Law of 1867, 1879, 1901
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- 1867: passed in New York, minimum facilities for fire escape, must have indoor plumbing for every 20 inhabitants, every room had to have access to a window
- 1879: every room HAS to have a window
- 1901: air shaft stays but must be wider for better ventilation, every apartment must have a separate bathroom, better fire protection measures, only applied to new buildings, 80,000 buildings were not required to adapt to the new law - Dumbbell Tenement
- design competition winner, created to give every room a window created airshafts to have an opening, which would have a window, had no circulation, dumped trash in airshafts, created diseases and brought rats, spread fire more rapidly, tons of noise
- Lawrence Veiller
- first professional housing reformer, humanitarian, advocated housing low-income families in model tenements with more spacious rooms and better facilities
- Jacob Riis
- wrote How the Other Half Lives (1890) journalist, photographer, documented the plight of the poor with pictures, helped Lawrence reform, implemented a standard of living, Roosevelt credited Riis with altering the housing reforms
- The Pendleton Civil Service Act
- passed by Congress in 1882, signed by President Arthur in 1883, created the Civil Service Commission to oversee competitive examinations for government positions, ended the spoils system
- Interstate Commerce Act
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-the law prohibited pools, rebate, and long-haul/short-haul rate discrimination
-Created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)- to investigate railroad rate-making methods, issue cease-and-desist orders against illegal practices, and seek court aid to enforce compliance - Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
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increased the governmentÂ’s monthly purchase of silver by specifying weight, rather than dollars, compromise between gold and silver
- helps the miners in the west, the poor, and the farmers, repelled in 1893 during economic recession - Gold Silver Act
- signed by McKinley in 1900- requiring that all paper money be backed by gold
- Roosevelt Corollary
- 1904: warned Latin Americans to stabilize their politics and finances, rationalized the US intervention in Latin America, Monroe Doctrine said no one could interfere with the Western Hemisphere but the Corollary said the America can
- Federal Reserve Act
- 1913- established the nationÂ’s first central banking system, created 12 district banks to hold reserves of member banks throughout the nation, district banks would lend money to member banks at a low interest rate called the discount tradeÂ… money would no longer be bases on gold supply.. national banking system with regional autonomy
- Clayton Anti Trust Act
- 1914- corrected deficiencies of the Sherman Anti Trust Act by outlawing monopolistic practices such as price discrimination (efforts to destroy competition by lowering prices in some regions but not others), and interlocking directorates (management of two or more competing companies by the same executives)Â… does NOT apply to Unions!!
- Federal Trade Commission
- 1914- would investigate companies and issue cease and desist orders against unfair trade practices
- Jane Addams
- founder of Settlement House Movement- Hull House (a slum for middle-class reformers to help and learn from working–class immigrants), taught them Shakespeare, basic needs, help bridge the gap between immigrants and other social classes
- National Origins Act
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1924: tried to keep out certain people, set quotas, 2% of the immigrant population from 1890 can come into the country every year
-1943- 100 Chinese could come in a year
-1952- Asians could become American citizens - Plessy v. Ferguson
- 1896- Separate but Equal
- 19th Amendment
- 1920, Roosevelt, WWI women contribute to the war and get the vote, calls it a War Measure
- Maine
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(1898)- Washington ordered the battleship Maine into Havana harbor to demonstrate US concern and to protect American citizens
-Maine had an explosion and killed many Americans
-Accused Spain of placing a mine
-one factor to start the Cuban war - Alfred Mahan
- (1890)- proponent of the Navy “Influence of Sea Power upon History”
- De Lome Letter
- 1898- Spanish Ambassador sends a letter criticizing President McKinley
- Monroe Doctrine
- (1823) Doctrine prohibited European Powers from denying self-government to nations in the Western Hemisphere
- Selective Service Act
- 1917: every make between 20-30 has to register, they are drafted as needed
- The Teller Amendment
- (1898)- outlawed the annexation of Cuba, but officials in Washington soon used the document’s call for “pacification” to justify US control, said we would go to war but we would not stay
- Platt Amendment
- (1903) prohibited Cuba from making a treaty with another nation that might impair its independence- all treaties had to have US approval
- The Revenue Act
- 1916- raising the surtax on high incomes and corporate profits and significantly increasing the tax on munitions manufacturers, profit that the public should value from
- The War Revenue Act of 1917
- provided for a more steeply graduated personal income tax, a corporate income tax, and excess-profits tax, increased excise taxes on alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and luxury items
- Henry Cabot Lodge
- Senator, from New England, Political Party/Interest Group- Republican, super conservative, snob, Argument- against the league of nations, VERY MUCH AGAINST IT, anti immigration
- Warren Harding
- Republican, very conservative, works well with the Democratic political machines, CORRUPT, Argument- against joining the League of Nations
- Rabbi Stephen Wise
- Democratic, socialist activist, co-founder of the NAACP, Argument- believes the war is a holy cause, not any war- it is the war, men should go and fight, for a jewish state
- Samuel Grompers
- head of the AFL, Democratic, peoples war, labors war, we must unite,
- Newton Baker
- Secretary of War, Political Party/Interest Group- Democrat, Argument- for going to war to protect Americans freedom, cut back on army cost, wants to fight to protect children and freedom, supporter of the League of Nations
- Balfour Declaration
- 1917- British help Jews establish their own declaration, Palistines claimed that their needs were also assumed to have liberty to their own state as well- but they were not
- Espionage Act
- 1917- forbade false statements designed to impede the draft or promote military insubordination, banned treasonous mail
- Sedition Act
- 1918- made in unlawful to obstruct the sale of war bonds and to use bad language to describe the government, the constitution, the flag, or the uniform
- Schenck v. US
- 1919- upheld the espionage act, the supreme court adhered to the traditional view rather than BaldwinÂ’s (a keen objector to the espionage act and defender of those accused under the Espionage and Sedition Act, for freedom of speech) because of the defense of clear and present danger~ assuming it would bring down the War
- The Red Scare
- refers to the time after the war when people accused other of Communism, Hoover head the Radical Division of the Department of Justice- people were placed on a list and arrested, Red Scare- Bolshevik Revolution in 1917-American hatred for the KaiserÂ’s Germany went to the communist Russian, Called radical Americans- RED- in regard to the communist flag
- Palmer Raids
- arrested hundreds accused of Communism, jailed them, and denied them counsel, Hoover head the Radical Division of the Department of Justice- people were placed on a list and arrested, Palmer is the attorney general who leads the effort the crack down on the Socialist party