polisci final

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business conservatives: these types of conservatives favor free enterprise, and are not particularly concerned about moral questions.
restraint: to difure to other branches unless something is clearly unconstitutional.
republican party: this political party is very conservative and on the far right of the spectrum.
Gibbons vs. Ogden: the supreme court case, heard by the Marshall Court in 1824, that established the federal governments primacy in regulating interstate commerce, saying that the state of New York could not grant an exclusive license to a steamboat company operating between New York and New Jersey.
social contract: British philosophers Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau created the arrangement in which people agree to give up some of their liberty to establish a government that will protect basic rights that are threatened in the state of nature. this is called what?
pluralism: the theory that government responds to individuals through their memberships in groups, assuring that government is responsive to a wide range of voices. people who subscribe to this position believe that the wide distribution of resources in society drives the decisions government officials make.
confirming presidential appointments (advice and consent): what is the fourth and most important function of congress?
Connecticut Compromise: a compromise between the Virginia and New Jersey Plans that broke the deadlock over representation at the Constitutional Convention by providing for a bicameral legislature. large states would get their demand for representation based on population in the House of Representatives, while every state, regardless of size, would have two senators, which pleased small states.
Dred Scott vs. Sanford: the 1857 supreme court case that legalized slavery nationwide, while holding that people of color had no rights or protection under the constitution. the ruling hastened the Civil War; it was subsequently overturned by constitutional amendment.
socialism: a left-leaning ideology centered on the use of government power to advance equal oppurtunities.
someone puts pressure on people in government: what is the lobbying tactic of interest groups
mass media: media, such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the internet, capable of rapidly communicating information to large numbers of people over large distances.
classical liberalism: a term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power.
18th amendment: amendment of prohibition
435 (233 democrats, 202 republicans): how many people are in congress today?
congress: this is the legislative branch and it creates laws.
religious conservatives: these types of conservatives are concerned about moral issues, but not economic issues
persuasion, professional reputation, public prestige, mandate, honeymoon power: what are the informal powers of the president?
redistricting: the process by which congressional districts are redrawn every ten years following the release of new census data.
Marbury vs. Madison: the supreme court case, heard by the Marshall Court in 1803, which establish judicial review.
outside strategies: lobbying approaches that rely on mobilizing group members to influence the actions of officials.
small government conservatives: these types of conservatives have laissez-faire views (hands off government) and think government shouldn't do anything but protect them.
constructionist: those who hold to the judicial philosophy that the constitution should be interpreted strictly and literally, and in the context in which it was written.
social economic liberals: these liberals are the moderates and their main concerns are crime and the environment.
Virginia Plan: a proposal for the new Constitution, supported by large states that would have based representation on population and provided for a centralized national government that could overrule the states.
in committees: where is all the work done in congress?
chief of state, chief executive, chief diplomat, commander in chief, chief legislature.: what are the five roles of the president?
6 years (re-elected every 2 years): how long is a senates term?
start low and work your way out: what is the grass roots tactic of interest groups?
supremacy clause: a Constitutional provision (article VI) establishing the relationship between the federal and state governments. the _____________ asserts that any conflict between the federal government and states will be decided in favor of the federal government.
savior, sainton, samson: what are the three models of the president?
McColloch vs. Maryland: the 1819 supreme court case that established federal supremacy over the state governments.
substantive representation: the ability of a legislator to represent the agenda or interests of a group to which he or she does not personally belong.
Miranda vs. Arizona: the supreme court case in which the court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.
impeachment (get rid of someone in power, 2 step process; house and senate): what is the fifth function of congress?
Roe Vs. Wade: the 1973 supreme court case that found a constitutional right to privacy applied to reproductive issues, striking down all state laws that prohibited abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy.
2nd amendment: right to bear arms
presidential powers from the constitution: what are formal powers?
10th amendment: any power not given to the federal government are given to the states.
it was the first real time worldwide coverage by CNN: what was special about the gulf war coverage?
standing committees: permanent congressional committees that handle matters related to a specific legislative topic.
elitism: the theory that government responds to a small, stable, centralized hierarchy of corporate and academic leaders, military chiefs, people who own big media outlets, and members of a permanent government bureaucracy. people who subscribe to the position believe the actions of regular citizens, like voting and joining groups, simply mask the real power exercised by elites.
civil actions: a lawsuit brought to enforce, redress, or protect rights of private litigants — the plaintiffs and the defendants— not a criminal proceeding.
conservatism: an ideology that advocates limits on government power to address economic and social problems, relying instead on economic markets and individual initiative to address problems like health care and education, while promoting government involvement in moral matters to, for instance, minimize or eliminate abortions or permit prayer in public schools.
electoral college: a group selected to elect the president in which each stats number of electors is equal to the number of its senators representatives in congress
Bowers vs. Hardwick: a United States Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of a Georgia sodomy law that criminalized oral and anal sex in private between consenting adults. Seventeen years later the Supreme Court directly overruled it with the case in Lawrence vs. Texas.
judicial activism: the philosophy that the court should take an aggressive posture toward politics and the law, striking down presidential and congressional actions whenever it is deemed necessary and instituting far reaching remedies to social wrongs.
alot of groups coming together that agree with something: what is the coalition building tactic of interest groups?
empirical statement: any statement based on the assessment of data or the analysis of information, without regard to value judgments.
inside strategies: lobbying approaches that rely on direct relationships between lobbyists and officials.
3rd and 4th amendments: right to privacy
they legislate----writing bills/laws: what is the first function of congress?
joint committees: committees composed of members of the house and senate that consider matters of interest to both houses.
1st amendment: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of press, freedom to petition the government, freedom to assemble peacefully
executive branch: what branch of government is closest to the federal bureaucracy?
social liberals: these liberals are the farthest left on the spectrum, and are mainly concerned with minority rights.
federal bureaucracy: the extensions of the branches that oversee the implementation of laws and policies
name recognition: an informal measure of how much the public is aware of a candidate or elected official, based on how widely people are able to identify who the candidate or official is.
criminal law: law that deals with crimes and their punishments.
70% liberal: what percentage liberal is CA senator Fienstein considered to be?
fascism: a militant, ultra nationalistic ideology of the extreme right that rejects liberal ideas about personal rights.
9th amendment: rights that are not mentioned are not necessarily denied.
democratic party: this political party is very liberal and on the far left of the spectrum.
2 years: how long is a house of representatives term?
British way/ the original way: life, liberty, and property
racial gerrymandering: drawing district lines in a way that combines disparate populations of minority groups in order to guarantee representation by those groups in congress
judicial branch: this branch of government is considered the court system
the president may call a session at anytime.: what does it mean when a president can convene congress?
totalitarianism: Absolute power, especially when exercised unjustly or cruelly: autocracy, despotism, dictatorship, tyranny.
(PAC's, Political Action Committees) collect money and distributing it to others: what is the electioneering tactic of interest groups?
libertarianism: an ideology centered on the reduction of government power to advance personal liberty
gerrymandering: drawing district lines in a way that favors the electoral prospects of the party in power.
special interest groups: another term for interest groups that emphasizes the narrow scope of their concerns.
impeachment: the power granted to congress to remove from office the president, vice president, judges, and other federal officials.
when you sue someone: what is the litigation tactic of interest groups?
21st amendment: amendment when drinking became legal again
subcommittees: subunits of standing committees that do the detail work involved in writing legislation
liberalism: an ideology that advocates the use of government power to address economic and social problems, like unemployment and environmental protection, while limiting government involvement in moral matters like abortion rights and prayer in public schools.
circuit courts: A state court that holds sessions at several different places within a judicial district.
19th amendment: amendment on the womens right to vote
necessary and proper clause: a constitutional provision (Article I, Section 8) giving congress a broad grant of authority to make laws that are binding on the states.
filibuster: the strategy available to senators to delay or derail legislation by refusing to relinquish their time on the senate floor. this is possible only in the senate, where rules permit unlimited time for debate.
democracy: a government created by the people over whom it rules
make appointments, treaties, commander in chief, veto power, recess appointments, convean congress, recieves ambassadors, pardon power.: what are the formal powers of the president?
constituents: individuals living in a district represented by an elected official.
interest groups: organized associations that seek to promote common objectives through government action.
Brown vs. the Board of Education: the landmark 1954 supreme court case that declared racial segregation unconstitutional, overturning the courts ruling in Plessy vs. Ferguson.
three fifths compromise: a compromise between northern and southern states that broke the deadlock over how slaves should be counted for purposes of representation. three fifths of slaves would be included in population totals, benefiting southern states that had the largest concentration of slaves by inflating their representation in the House of Representatives.
26th amendment: amendments that changed voting age from 21 to 18
make budgets (appropriations): what is the second function of congress?
Plessy vs. Ferguson: the 1896 supreme court case that upheld racial segregation. it was reversed in 1954 by the case of Brown vs. the Board of Education.
strength and numbers, group cohesion, strong leadership, information and expertise, money: what are the different traits of interest groups?
New Jersey Plan: a proposal for the new constitution, supported by small states, that would have provided for equal representation of large and small states in the national legislature, while limiting the power of the national government over the states.
normative statement: any statement that invokes a judgment or evaluation.
5th, 6th, 7th and 8th amendments: protection for those accused of a crime
13th, 14th and 15th amendments: amendments on slavery
economic liberals: these liberals are centered around unions, and are concerned with wages, benefits, job creation, and the interest of workers.
oversee bureaucracy (oversight): what is the third function of congress?
90% liberal: what percentage liberal is CA senator Boxer considered?
22nd amendment: amendment that limited presidential terms

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