Chapter 4: The Road to Independance
Terms
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- What is Technology?
- The application of Science.
- What are Patents?
- Liscenses to make, use, or sell an invention.
- What is Productivity?
- The amount of goods the services created in a given period of time.
- Who is Professor C.F. Dowd?
- A man who created the Time Zones.
- What is the Transcontinental Railroad?
- A railway extending from coast to coast.
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What was the Pacific Railroad Act?
(1862) - It gave land grants to construct the Transcontinental Railroad.
- What is the Central Pacific?
- It began laying track eastern out of Sacramento.
- What is the Union Pacific?
- It began work towards the west in Omaha.
- Who was Jack Casement?
- A contractor for an Ohio railroad, part of the Union Pacific. Mainly hired Irish Workers.
- Who was Charlie Crocker?
- President of a construction firm, part of the Central Pacific. Mainly hired Chinese Workers.
- What does the term "Crocker's Pets" entail?
- Charlie Crocker's chinese workers.
- What is significant about the location of Promontory Point, Utah?
- It is where Leland Stanford drove the final golden spike of the Transcontinental Railroad.
- Who was George Westinghouse?
- He developed more effective air brakes.
- What was the Credit Mobilier Scandal?
- It limited the liability of stockholders. They were asking for more money than they needed, and ultimately made a profit.
- Define "telegraph."
- Sending messages over wires.
- Who was Samuel F.B. Morse?
- He created Morse Code and took out a patent on telegraphy.
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What was the Western Union Company?
(1870) - The first telegraph company.
- Define "telephone."
- "Talking telegraph."
- Who was Alexander Graham Bell?
- A man who took out the patent on the telephone.
- Who was Thomas Alva Edison?
- The inventor of electricity.
- Who was the "Wizard of Menlo Park?"
- It was Edison's nickname from inventing the phonograph.
- Who was Michael Faraday?
- He contributed significantly to electromagnetism and electrochemistry.
- What was the incandescent light bulb?
- The first lightbulb. (Created by Edison.)
- Who was George Westinghouse and what did he do with his alternating current?
- Made home-use of electricity practical.
- Who was Henry Bessemer?
- Developed a new process for making steel, called the Bessemer Process.
- What did the Bessemer Converter do?
- Made it much easier and cheaper to remove the impurities.
- What was the Open-Hearth process?
- A steelmaking technique.
- What was Dovorak's New World Symphony?
- A training program for orchestral musicians.
- Who was Joe Magarac?
- A folk hero who worked like he was made of steel.
- What was the Mesabi Range?
- A vast deposit of iron ore in Northern Minnesota.
- What was the Soo Canal?
- A canal at Sault St. Marie.
- What is a "Captain of Industry?"
- Someone who served their nation in a positive way.
- What is a "Robber Baron?"
- Business leaders who built their fortunes by stealing from the public.
- Who was Andrew Carnegie?
- Made Carnegie steel.
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What was the Carnegie Steel Corporation?
(1889) - It launched the steel industry in Pittsburgh.
- What was the "Gospel of Wealth?"
- Andrew Carnegie's essay.
- What is Social Darwinism?
- Society should do as little as possible to interfere with peoples pursuit of success.
- What does the term "Corporate America" entail?
- Informal phrase describing the business world of the United States.
- What is a monopoly?
- Complete control of a product or service.
- What is a cartel?
- A loose association of business that makes the same product.
- Who was Edwin Drake?
- A man who proved oil could be extracted from the ground by a well.
- Who was John D. Rockefeller?
- He formed Standard Oil Company of Ohio.
- What is a trust?
- A single unit managed by a board of trustees.
- What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?
- It outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce.
- What is Horizontal Consolidation?
- Bringing together many forms in the same business.
- What is Vertical Consolidation?
- Gaining control of many different businesses that make up all phases of a products developement.
- What does the term "economies of scale" mean?
- As production increases, the cost of each item produced is often lower.
- What is a Holding Company?
- A company that owns enough voting stock to take control.
- What is a merger?
- Corporate finance strategy and management.
- What does "Interlocking Directorate" mean?
- One or more members of a board of directors are membors of another.
- What is the business cycle?
- The sinking and rising of the economy, "boom & bust"
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What was the Contract Labor Act?
(1864) - It allowed employers to enter into contracts with immigrants.
- What is piecework?
- Those who worked fast and produced the most peices earned the most money.
- Who was Frederick Winslow Taylor?
- An American engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency.
- What is the division of labor?
- Factory workers performed one small task over and over.
- What was a sweatshop?
- Employers work long hours at low wages in poor conditions.
- What was a company town?
- Residents are dependant on a single firm for maintenance.
- Who was Jacob Riis?
- Wrote the book "How the Other Half Lives," and led positive changes for New York tenement dwellers. He was highly against child labor.
- What is socialism?
- An economic and political philosophy. It favors public (social) control of property and income, not private control.
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What was the Communist Manifesto?
(1848) -
By Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
It denounced the capitalist economic system and predicted workers would overrun it. - Who was Karl Marx?
- A German philosopher with radical views of socialism.
- What was the Federal Society of Journeymean Cordwainers?
- Shoemakers, founded in Philadelphia. It was the strongest of the early unions.
- What was the Mechanic's Union of Trade Societies?
- A city-wide form of Trade Union.
- What was the National Trades Union?
- The first national labor organization.
- What was the National Labor Union?
- It nominated a candidate for president, yet failed to survive the depression.
- Who was William Sylvis?
- He convened the National Labor Union together.
- What was the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor?
- It hoped to organize all working men and women, skilled or unskilled.
- Who was Uriah Stevens?
- He got the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor together.
- Who was Terrence Powderly?
- A former mechanist, the leader of the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor.
- What is arbitration?
- A process by which parties to a dispute submit differences to judgement of an impartial person or group appointed by mutual consent or statutory provision.
- What was the American Federation of Labor?
- Only skilled workers in a network of smaller unions, each devoted to a specific craft.
- Who was Samuel Gompers?
- A London-born cigar maker, the leader of the American Federation of Labor.
- What were Craft Unions?
- Small unions devoted to a single craft.
- What is collective bargaining?
- A process in which workers negotiate as a group with employers.
- What was a closed shop?
- A workplace in which only Union members would be hired.
- What was the Industrial Workers of the World?
- Unskilled workers, included many socialists in leadership.
- What were Wobblies?
- A nickname for the Industrial Workers of the World.
- Who was William "Big Bill" Haywood?
- The founder of the Industrial Workers of the World.
- What was the Great Railway Strike of 1877.
- Baltimore & Ohio Railroad announced a wage cut of 10% in midst of a depression.
- What was the Haymarket Affair?
- Groups of workers who mounted a national demonstration for an 8 hour workday.
- What is a scab?
- A negative term for a worker called in by an employer to replace striking laborers.
- What is an anarchist?
- A radical who violently opposes all government.
- What is a radical?
- One who advocates fundamentally or revolutionary changes in current practices.
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What was the Homestead Strike?
(1892) - A strike in Pennsylvania against Carnegie steel.
- Who was Henry Frick?
- He tried to cut workers' wages at Carnegie Steel.
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What was the Pullman Strike?
(1894) - A railway workers' strike that spread nation-wide.
- Who was George Pullman?
- He laid off workers and cut wages 25%.
- What was the American Railway Union?
- The first industrial union of the United States.
- Who was Eugene V. Debs?
- A five-time socialist candidate for presidency, ran out of prison.
- What is Industrial Unionism?
- A labor union organizing method through which all workers in the same industry are in the same Union.
- What is Bread & Butter Unionism?
- Abandons any other concerns with broader social or political issues, and focusses on immediate demands and interests of its members.
- What are Pinkertons?
- Hired by Railroads to patrol their trains and set up security systems.
- Who was Mother Jones?
- A Union Organizer and Orator.