Philosophy 105
Terms
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- Arguments
- A set of staements, of which some, the premises, support one, the conclusion.
- Statement
- Sentence which is either true or false.
- Soundness
- A sound srgument is valid w/ every premise true.
- Validity
- An argument is valid, if the conclusion follows w/ certainty from the premise.
- Sound Argument
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1. Valid
2. Every premise is true - Unsound Argument
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1. At least onw false premise
2. Invalid - Premise Indicators
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Since
Because (of)
For the reason being - Conclusion Indicators
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Therefore
Hence
Thus
Inconclusion
Thus
So - Method of Counter Example
- Find an argument of the same form, where the premises are obviously true, and the conclusion is obviously false.
- Cogent
- Strong arguments w/ true premises
- Uncogent
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Invalid arguments that are either:
1. Weak
2. Strong w/ false premise - Cold Reading
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1. Fishing for more details
2. Vauge details
3. Selective memory - Hot Reading
- Gathered info. ahead of time.
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Excesive Verbiage:
1. Discount - Like a premise but it seems to argue against the conclusion indicators. Although, Yes____ but, even though, despite the fact that, I realize_____...
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Excesive Verbiage:
2. Repitition - Not need if valid, valid.
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Excesive Verbiage:
3. Assurance - Statement, word phrase that indicates that the author is confident w/ the premise. Indicators: Certainly, clearly, It is a fact that...
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Excesive Verbiage:
4. Hedge -
Statement, word, phrase that indicates the author is tentative about a premise.
Indicators: In my opinion, I believe that, I guess that... - Heuristic
- Rule of thumb or mental shortcut that usually, but not always gives us the right answer.
- Unsound
- Argument that is either invalid or has a false premise
- Deductive Logic
- The part of logic which is concerned w/ test for validity & invalidity.
- Weak
- It is probable that the premises are true then the conclusion is true.
- Sound
- A valid argument w/ all premises true.
- Inductive Logic
- The part of logic which is concerned w/ test for strength & weakness.
- Entihymeme
- An argument w/ a surpressed conclusion of premise.
- Logic
- The study of methods testing whatever the premise of an argument supports that conclusion.
- Argument
- A set of statements one of which called conclusion, is offirmed on the basis of the others.
- Term
- Word or phrase that can be subject to the sentence.
- Extension of Term
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The set of all things described by the term.
Extension of "my car" is Coupe - Intension of a Term
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The property that a term must have to be included in the extension of a term.
Intension of "my car" having the properties of Honda Accord Coupe 04