Pharmacology 5 2

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What is CHF?: Congestive heart Failure - failure of the heart to adequately distribute blood to the tissue, failure to pump blood efficiently
Right side of heart pumps blood where?: to lungs
Left side of the heart pumps blood where?: to the whole body
Signs of CHF?: coughing, fatigue, pulmonary edema, ascities, wt. loss, extremities & abdomen distended
What are 3 supportive lab tests for CHF?: X-rays, ECG, US
4 therapies for CHF?: low salt diets, diuretics, digitalis, vasodilators
What do diuretics do?: cause increased fluid loss through kidneys
How do osmotic diuretics work?: retain water in the renal tubules by osmotic action
2 examples of an osmotic diuretics: mannitol, glucose
What are methyl xanthines?: diuretics (caffeine)
How do methyl xanthine diuretics work?: inhibit Na resorption by the proximal tubule
What are thiazides/Chlorthiazide?®: diuretics
Why does CHF cause coughing?: fluid in the lungs
Why does CHF cause fatigue?: not enough oxygen getting around
What is the newest group of diuretics that is very powerful and the one used most?: loop diuretics
What group of diuretics inhibits Na resorption to a lesser degree and that resorption occurs in the Loop of Henle?: Loop diuretics
3 examples of loop diuretics?: furosemide, Disal®, Lasix®
Side effect of loop diuretics?: increased secretion of chloride, potassium, and water
_______ supplements are usually given to animals on long term loop diuretic tx to prevent __________.: potassium, hypokalemia
What is hypokalemia?: low level of potassium in the blood
Cardiac glycosides are also known as what?: digitalis
What do digitalis drugs do?: increase force & efficiency of cardiac contractions
digoxin, digitoxin, Cardoxin®, and Lanoxin® are examples of what?: digitalis drugs
What drugs have a narrow therapeutic range (can be toxic), are made from dried leaves of plants, and come in tablets, injectables, and elixirs?: digitalis
What are 3 effects of digitalis drugs?: Increase force of cardiac contractions, decrease heart rate, increases mechanical efficiency (how it contracts).
What are signs of digitalis toxicity?: anorexia, V/D, depression, increased excitability, skipped heart beats
What are more sensitive to digitalis drugs, cats or dogs?: cats
What two cardiac drugs are IV use only, and are used carefully in-hospital for crises in cardiac output?: dopamine/dobutamine
What do vasodilators do?: Cause general vessel dilation thus allowing blood to flow easier
Generic name for Enacard®?: enalapril
Brand name for enalapril?: Enacard
Brand name for captopril?: Capoten®
Generic name for Capoten?: captopril
What kind of meds are enalapril/Enacard®, captopril/Capoten®, Vasotec®, and hydralazine/Apresoline®: Vasodilators
Name some vasodilators: enalapril/Enacrad®, captopril/Capoten®, Vasotec, hydralazine/Apresoline
How does enalapril/Enacard® work?: It is a vasodilator - reduces the workload on the heart by dilating blood vessels. It also decreases blood pressure.
What drug may slow the progression of heart dz?: enalapril/Enacard®
Route of admin for enalapril/Enacard®?: oral
What vasodilator can worsen kidney dz?: enalapril/Encard®
What vasodilator is a human drug and concurrent use w/ NSAIDs may decrease its effectiveness?: Captopril/Capoten®
General effects of vasodilators?: They dilate arteries and veins - this tends to decrease the cardiac workload(blood flows easier) and increases cardiac output
Side effects of vasodilators?: V/D, hypotension
What type of cardiac med are for arrest/crises, not for long term care?: Cardiac stimulants
Two examples of cardiac stimulants?: epinephrine and isoproterenol
What cardiac stimulant may initiate a heartbeat during CPR?: epinephrine
What med is similar to epinephrine, initiates a heartbeat, & strengthens contractions?: isoproterenol
lidocaine, procainimide, and beta-blockers/propanolol are examples of what type of cardiac med?: antiarrhythmic drugs
What med is used for ventricular arrhythmias, is IV only, and short-acting?: lidocaine
What med is similar to lidocaine but is longer-lasting & can be given by mouth?: procainimide
What med is used to slow tachycardias and control some arrhythmias?: beta-blockers, propanolol
What type of med can slow heart rate, control arrhythmias, and decrease blood pressure?: Calcium channel blockers
verapamil, diltiazem, and Cardizem(human) are examples of what?: calcium channel blockers
When considering a low salt diet as tx for CHF, it is important to remember what?: It is most important to get the patient to eat, so offer it whatever they will eat
When considering therapy for heart dz, it is best to correct ________, but this is not usually possible/: the underlying problem
Sometimes _______ therapy is useful in tx a crisis related to heart disease.: oxygen
How may oxygen be administered when tx a cardiac crisis?: closed cage w/ oxygen pumped in or soft catheters placed up the nostrils
What do expectorants do?: decrease adhesiveness of mucous
What are expectorants indicated for?: **productive** coughs
How do expectorants work?: They have a local effect on MM, thin secretions by making them more watery, and they promote removal of secretions
Route of admin for expectorants?: Primarily oral, but some may be parenteral or inhaled
What kind of meds are glyceryl guaiacolate/Guaifenesin®, acetylcysteine/Mucomyst®, Robitussin - AC®, and Triaminic®?: expectorants
What med is used for equine immobilization w/ an IV drip to maintain anesthesia?: guaifenesin
Brand name of acetylcysteine?: Mucomyst®
Generic name for Mucomyst®: acetylcysteine
What kind of med is acetylcysteine/Mucomyst®?: expectorant
What med has few side effects and is given via nebulization for pulmonary dzs?: acetylcysteine/Mucomyst®
What med is given orally as an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity?: acetylcysteine/Mucomyst®
How does an antitussive work?: Supresses the cough reflex either peripherally (airways) or centrally (decreases cough center in the brain) in the CNS
Do antitussives relieve the cause or symptoms?: symptoms only
What is a reflex initiated by irritation to the upper respiratory tract?: A cough
Do not use antitussives in cases of what?: Pneumonia
Expectorants, bronchodilators, antihistimines, corticosteroids, and CNS cough center depressives can all be used as what?: antitussives
How do corticosteroids work as an antitussive?: decrease inflammation
dextromethrthorphan, codeine/Hycodan®, and burtorphanol/Torbutrol®, are examples of what?: antitussives
What antitussive is a non-addicting morphine derivative?: dextromethorphan
What antitussive is addictive?: codeine/Hycodan®
What antitussive is a preanesthetic for dogs/cats/hoofstock, is a non-addictive synthetic optiate, a controlled substance, and is used for relief of chronic (non-productive) cough in dogs?: butorphanol/Torbutrol®
What drugs improve cardiac contractility, decrease heart rate, decrease signs of dyspnea, and have anti-arrhythmic effects?: digoxins
Brand name for glyceryl guaiacolate?: Guaifenesin®

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