Medical Terminology Ch09
Terms
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- aden/o
- gland
-
adren/o
adrenal/o - adrenal gland
- andr/o
- male
- crin/o
- to screte
- dips/o
- thrist
-
gluc/o
glyc/o - sugar
- hormon/o
- hormone
-
ket/o
keton/o - ketone bodies
- pancreat/o
- pancreas
- thym/o
- thymus gland
-
thyr/o
thyroid/o - thyroid gland
-
adrenal glands
suprarenal glands -
located on the superior surface of each kidney
adrenal cortex scretes steriod hormones
adrenal medula scretes epinephrine -
steriod hormones
glucocorticoids
mineral corticosteroids
androgens - regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance; have some effect on sexual characteristics
-
epinephrine
norepinephrine - affect sympathetic nervous systems in stress responce
- ovaries
- lacted on both sides of the uterus, screte estrogen and progesterone
-
estrogen
progesterone - responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and regulation of reproduction
- pancreas
- located behind the stomach in front of the first and second lumbar vertebrae, secreting insulin and glucagons
-
insulin
glucagons - regulate carbohydrate and sugar metabolism
- parathyroid glands
- two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck, secreting parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- pineal gland
- located in the center of the brain, secreting melatonin and serotonin
- melatonin
- exact fucntion unknown; affects onset of puberty
- serotonin
- a neurotransmitter that serves as the percursor to melatonin
- pituitary gland
- located at the base of the brain; contains anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis) pituitary portions
- tyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
-
anterior pituitary hormone:
stimulates secretion from thyroid gland - adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
-
anterior pituitary hormone:
stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex - follicle stimulatiing hormone (FSH)
-
anterior pituitary hormone:
initiates growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males - luteinizing hormone (LH)
-
anterior pituitary hormone:
causes ovulation; stimulates secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum; causes secretion of testosterone in testes - melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
-
anterior pituitary hormone:
affects skin pigmentation - growth hormone (GH)
-
anterior pituitary hormone:
influences growth -
prolactin
(lactogenic hormone) - stimulates breast development and milk production during pregancy
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-
posterior pituitary hormone:
influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules - oxytocin
-
posterior pituitary hormone:
influences uterine contraction - testes
- located on both sides within the scrotum in the male; secreting testosterone
- testosterone
- affects masculinization and reproduction
- thymus gland
- located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart secretomg thymosin
- thymosin
- regulates immune responce
- thyroid gland
- located in front of the neck, secreting triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin
- triiodothyronine
- regulate metabolism
-
thyroxine
calcitonin - regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
-
exophthalmos
exophthalmus - protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball
-
glucosuria
glycosuria - glucose (sugar) in the urine
- hirsutism
- shaggy; an excessive growth of hair, especially in unusual places (bearded lady)
-
hypercalcemia
hypocalcemia - abnormally high/low level of calcium in the blood
-
hyperglycemia
hypoglycemia - high/low blood sugar
-
hyperkalemia
hypokalemia - abnormally high/low level of potassium in the blood
- hypersecretion
- abnormally high/low secretion
-
ketosis
ketoacidosis
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) - presence of an abnormal amount of keytone bodies in the blood and urine, indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates such as in uncontroled diabetes and starvation
- metabolism
- all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions
- polydipsia
- excessive thirst
- polyuria
- excessive urination
- Cushing Syndrome
-
collection of signs and symptoms caused by excessive levle of cortisol hormone from any cause.
symptomoms: upper body obesity, facial puffyness, easily brused - adrenal virilism
- excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult women caused by a tumor or hyperplasia; evidenced by apearence of male traits
- diabetes mellitus (DM)
-
pancreas:
metabolic disorder caused by the absence or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and glycosuria - insulin
-
pancreas:
hormone secreted by the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose - type 1 diabetes mellitus
-
pancreas:
diabetes in which these is no beta cell production of insulin. the patient is dependent of insulin for survival - type 2 diabetes mellitus
-
pancreas:
diabetes in which these isn't enough insulin production or too much resistance to insulin. the patient isn't dependent of insulin for survival - hyperinsulinism
-
pancreas:
condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood, draws sugar out of the blood stream - pancreatitis
-
pancreas:
inflamation of the pancreas - hyperparathyroidism
-
parathyroid glands:
hyptersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor - hypoparathyroidism
-
parathyroid glands:
hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands - acromegaly
-
pituitary gland:
disease characterized by enlarged featues, especially the face and hands - pituitary dwarfism
-
pituitary gland:
condition of congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone, slowing growth causing short but proportional statue, no intelligence changes - pituitary gigantism
- condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood, abnormal overgrowth of long bones
- goiter
- enlargment of thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, or lack of deitary iodine
-
hyperthyroidism
graves disease
thyrotoxicosis - condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by protrusion of the eyeball, tachycardia, goiter and tumor
- hypothyroidism
- condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland characteized by sluggishness, slow pulse, and obesity
- myxedema
- advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pluse, puffiness in hands and face, and dry skin
- cretinism
- condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development
-
blood sugar (BS)
blood glucose - measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood
- fasting blood sugar (FBS)
- measurement of blood sugar level after a fasting (not eating) for 12 hours
- postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)
- measurement of blood sugar level after a meal (~2 hours later)
- glucose tolerance test (GTT)
- measurement of the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood and urine for glucose leves every hours thereafter for 4-6 hours
- glycohemoglobin
- molecule (fraction) in hemoglobin that rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar; common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes
- electrolytes
- measurement of level of specific ions (sodium, potassium, CO2) in the blood; electrolyter balance is essential for normal metabolism
- thyroid function study
- measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine efficiency of glandular secretions, including T3, T4, TSH
- urine sugar and ketone studies
- chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in urine; used as a screen for diabetes
- computed tomography (CT)
- CT of the head is used to obtain a transverse (horizontal) view of the pituitary gland
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- nonionizing images of magnetic resonance are useful in identifying abnormailities of the pituitary, pancreas, adrenal and thyroid glands
- sonography
- sonographic images used to identity endocrine pathology, such as a thyroid ultrasound
- thyroid uptake and image
- nuclear image produced by a scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previoulsy injected isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors
- adrenalectomy
- excision of adrenal gland
- hypophysectomy
- excision of pituitary gland
- pancreatectomy
- excision of pancreas
- parathyroidectomy
- excision of parathyroid gland
- thymectomy
- excision of thymus gland
- thyroidectomy
- excision of thyroid gland
- radioiodine thearpy
- use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicate thyroid tumor cells; treatment is administered in a nuclear medicine facility
- antihypoglycemic
- a drug that raises blood glucose
- hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
- treatment with a hormone to correct a hormone deficiency (e.g. estrogen, testosterone, thyroid)
-
hypoglycemic
antihyperglycemic - drug that lowers blood glucose (e.g. insulin)