Medical Terminology Ch08
Terms
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- cerebr/o
- cerebrum, large part of the brian
- cerebell/o
- cerebellum, little brain
- crani/o
- skull
- encephal/o
- entire brain
- esthesi/o
- sensation
- gangli/o
- ganglion, knot
- gli/o
- glue
- gnos/o
- knowing
- kinesi/o
- movement
- lex/o
- word or phrase
-
mening/o
meningi/o - meninges, membrane
- myel/o
- spinal cord or bone marrow
- narc/o
- stupor,sleep
- neur/o
- nerve
- phas/o
- speech
- phob/o
- exaggerated fear or sensitivity
- phor/o
- carry, bear
-
phren/o
psych/o
thym/o - mind
- schiz/o
- split
- somat/o
- body
-
somn/o
somn/i
hypn/o - sleep
- spin/o
- spine
-
spondyl/o
vertebr/o - vertebra
- stere/o
- three dimensional or solid
- ton/o
- tone, tension
- tax/o
- order or coordination
- thalam/o
- thalamus, a room
- top/o
- place
- ventricul/o
- ventricle, belly or pouch
- cata-
- down
- -asthenia
- weakness
- -lepsy
- seizure
- -mania
- abnormal impulse towards
- -paresis
- slight paralysis
- -plegia
- paralysis
- central nervous system (CNS)
- brain and spinal cord
- brain
- portion of the central nervous system contained in the cranium
- cerebrum
- largest portion of the brain; divided into left and right halves, which are connected by the corpus callosum
- frontal lobe
- anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere; responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality
- parietal lobe
- portion posterior to the frontal lobe; responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, touch
- temporal lobe
- portion that lies below the frontal lobe, responsible for hearing, taste, and smell
- occipital lobe
- portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes, responsible for vision
- cerebral cortex
- outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of gray matter, responsible for higher mental fucntions
- thalamus
- each of two gray matter nuclei deep within the brain responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex
- gyri
- convolutions (mounds) of the cerebral hemispheres
- sulci
- shallow grooves in the brain
- fissures
- deep grooves in the brain
- cerebellum
- portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum, responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles
- brainstem
- resion of the brain that serves as a relay between the cerebeum, cerebellum and spinal cord; responsible for breathing , heart rate, and body temp
- ventricles
- series of interconnected cavities within the cerebral hemisphere and brainstem filled with cerebrospinal fluid
- cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- plasmalike clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord
- spinal cord
- column of nervous tissue from the brainstem through the vertebrae, responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and the body
- meninges
- three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord; dura mater, oia mater, arachnoid mater
- peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- nerves that branch from the central nervous system, including nerves of the brain (cranial verces) and spinal cord (spinal nerves)
- cranial nerves
- 12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain
- spinal nerves
- 31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
- sensory nerves
- nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory information to the brain; also called afferent nerves
- motor nerves
- nerves that also conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands
- autonomic nervous system (ANS)
- nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and various glands
- hypothalamus
- control center for the autonomic nervous system located below the thalamus
- sympathetic nervous system
- division of the ANS converned with preparing the body in stressful or emergency situations
- parasympathetic nervous system
- division of the ANS that is most active in ordinary conditions; counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. returns body to state of rest
- aphasia
- inability to speak
- dysphasia
- difficulty speaking
- coma
- deep sleep
- delirium
- state of mental confusion, caused by disturbances in cerebral fucntion
- dementia
- impairment of intellectual function; memory loss, disorientation, and confusion
- motor deficit
- loss or impairment of muscle function
- sensory deficit
- loss of impairment of sensation
- neuralgia
- pain along the course of a nerve
- paralysis
- temporary or permanent loss of motor control
- flaccid paralysis
- defective or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion
- spastic paralysis
- stiff or awkward muscle control caused by a central nervous system disorder
- hemiparesis
- partial parralysis of one side of the body (right/left)
- sciatica
- pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve caused by compression of the nerve at it's roots
- seizure
- sudden transient disturbances in the brain function resulting from abnormal firiing of nerve impulses (may or may not have convulsions)
- convulsion
- to pull together; type of sezure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles
- syncope
- fainting
- tactile stimulation
- evoking a responce by touching
- hyperesthesia
- increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch and pain
- paresthesia
- abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause
- agnosia
- any of many types of loss of neurologic function involving interpretation of sensory information
- astereognosis
- inability to judge the form of an object by touch
- atopognosis
- inability to locate a sensation properly, such as to locate a point touched on the body
- alzheimer disease
- disease of structural changes in the brain
- cerebral palsy (CP)
- condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development, partial paralysis
- cerebrovascular disease
- disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain
- cerebral arteriosclerosis
- hardening of the arteries of the brain
- cerebral atherosclerosis
- fatty plaqe buildup in vessels of the brain
- cerebral aneurysm
- dilation of blood vessel in the brain
- cerebral thrombosis
- presence of a stationary clot in a blood vessel of the brain
- cerebral embolism
- obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by a moving clot.
- cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
- damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease; e.g. occlusion of a vessel (stoke)
- trasient ischemic attack (TIA)
- brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain; usualy caused by partial occlusion, often preceded CVA
- encephalitis
- inflamation of the brain
- epilepsy
- disorder affecting the central nervous system, characterized by recurrnent seizures
- tonic-clonic
- stifening-kerking, major motor seizure involving all muscle groups
- absence
- seizure involing brief loss of consciousness without motor involvement
- glioma
- tumor of glial cells graded by degree of malignacy
- herniated disk
- protrusion of a degenerated intervertebral disk, causes compression of nerve
- herpes zoster
- viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves, painful blisters (shingles)
- huntington chorea
- hereditary disease of the central nervous system characterized by bizarre involuntary body movements
- hydrocephalus
- abnormal accumulaiton of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain
- meningioma
- benign tumor of the coverings of the brain (meninges
- meningitis
- inflammation of the meninges
- migraine headache
- paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of mostly unilateral headache
- multiple sclerosis
- disease of the central nervous system characterized by the demyelination (deterioration of the myelin sheath) of nerve fibers
- myasthenia gravis
- autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing a progressive decrase in muscle strength
- myelitis
- inflamation of the spinal cord
- narcolepsy
- sleep disorder characterized by a sudden, uncontrollable need to sleep
- parkinson disease
- slowly progressive degeneration of nerves in the brain characterized by tremor, etc
- plegia
- paralysis
- hemiplegia
- paralysis on one side of the body
- paraplegia
- paralysis from waist down
- quadriplegia
- paralysis of all four limbs
- poliomyelitis
- inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity
- polyneuritis
- inflammation involving two or more nerves, often caused by nutritional defiecny
- sleep apnea
- periods of breathing cessation that occur during sleep
- spina bifida
- congenital defect in the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches
- electroencephalogram (EEG)
- record of minute electrical impluses in the brain, detect nurological disorders
- evoked potentials
- minute electrical waves that are sorted out of ongoing EEG activity into diagnose
- polysomnography
- recording various aspects of sleep to diagnose sleep disorders
- lumbar puncture (LP)
- introduction of a specialized needle into the spine. spinal tap
- magnetic resonance imaging
- magnetic fields to visulize soft tissues
- magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
- magnetic resonance imaging of the blood vessels for detecting conditions
- intracranial MRA
- magnetic resonance image of the head to visulize the vessels of the circle of willis (common problem area)
- extracranial MRA
- magnetic resonance image of the neck to visulize the carotid artery
- nuclear medicine imaging
- radionuclide organ imaging
- SPECT brain scan
- scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of the brain after administration of radioactive isotopes
- positron emission tomography
-
scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of the brain after administration of radioactive isotopes
like SPECT, but better and more expensive - radiography
- xray imageing
- cerebral antgiogram
- xray of the blood vessels of the brain, after injection of contrast
- computed tomography
- computed tomographic xray images of the head used to visualize abnormalities
- myelogram
- xray of the spinal cord made after intraspinal injection of contrast medium
- reflex testing
- test performed to observe the bodies responce to a stimulus
- deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
-
test of responce to stimlus
involuntary muscle contraction after percussion at a tendon
rated from 1-4
1=low responce
2=normal
4=exagerated - Babinski reflex
- pathologic response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot; a positive sign is indicated when the toes dorsiflex (turn upward)
- transcranial sonogram
- image made from ultrasound beams, used to diagnose blood flow.
- craiectomy
- excision of part of the skull to aproach the brain
- craniotomy
- incision into the skull
- diskectomy
- removal of a herniated disk, often done percutaneously (through skin)
- laminectomy
- excision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae to aproach the spinal cord
- vertebral lamina
- flattened posterior portion of the vertebral arch
- microsurgery
- use of a microscope to dissect minute structures during surgury
- neuroplasty
- surgical repair of a nerve
- spondylosyndesis
- spinal fusion
- chemotherapy
- treatment of malignancies infections and other diseases with chemical agents
- radiation thearpy
- treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to impede proliferation of malignant cells
- stereotactic radiosurgery
- radiation treatment to inactivate malignant lesions, multiple precise external radiation beams
- stereotactic frame
- device used to localize a point in space targeting a precise site
- analgesic
- relives pain
- sedative
- agent that quiets nervousness
- hypnotic
- agent that induces sleep
- affect
- emotional feeling or mood
- flat affect
- significantly dulled emotional tone
- apathy
- lack of interest or display of emotion
- catatonia
- state of unresponsiveness to ones outside environment, usually uncluding muscle rigidity, staring and inabiliity to communicate
- delusion
- persistant belief that has no basis in reality
- grandiose delusion
- false belief of possesion of great wealth/power
- persecutory delusion
- flase belief that someone is plotting against them
- dysphoria
- restless, dissatisfied mood
- euphoria
- exaggerated, unfounded feeling of well-being
- hallucination
- false perception of the senses for which there is no reality, hearing or seeing things
- ideation
- state of abnormal elation and increased activity
- mania
- state of abnormal elation and increased activity
- neurosis
- phychologic condition in whihc anxiety is prominent
- psychosis
- mental condition characterized by distortion of reality, inability to communicate or fucntion
- thoguht disorder
- thought that lacks clear processing or logical direction
-
major affective disorder
unipolar disorder - disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, slepp, activity, social behavior
- dysthymia
- milder affective disorder characterized by a chronic depression
- manic depression bipolar disorder (BD)
- affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression
- seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
- affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur in the fall
- generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
- most common anxiety disorder, characterized by chronic excessive uncontrolaable worry about everyday problems.
- panic disorder (PD)
- disorder of sudden, recurrent attacks of intense feelings
- phobia
- exaggerated fear of a specific object
- posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- condition resulting from an extremely traumatic exerience, presistent thoughts and memories of the ordeal
- obsessive compulsive disorder
- anxiety disorder featuring unwanted, senseless obsessions
- hypochondriasis
- preoccupation with thoguhts of disease and concern that one is suffering from a serious condition
- autism
- developmental disability, neurologic disorder affecting brain function
- dyslexia
- developmental disability characterized by a difficulty understanding written or spoken words
- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- dysfunction characterized by consistent hyperactivity
- mental retardation
- condition of subaverage intelligence characterized by an IQ <70
- anorexia nervosa
- severe disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions of self
- bulimia nervosa
- eating disorder characterized by binging and purging
- substance abuse disorders
- mental disorders resulting from abuse of substances
- schizophrenia
- disease of the brain chemestry causeing a distorted congnitive and emotional preception of the environment
- electroconvulsive thearpy (ECT)
- electrical shock applied to the brain to induce convulsions, used to treat sever depression
- light thearpy
- specialized light boxes to treat seasonal affect
- psychothearapy
- treatment of psychiatric disorders using verbal and non-verbal interaction with paients
- behavioral threarpy
- treatment to decrese or stop unwanted behavior
- cognitive threapy
- treatment to changed unwanted patterns of thinking
- psychotropic drugs
- medications used to treat mental illness
-
antianxiety agents
anxiolytic agents - drugs used to reduce anxiety
- neuroleptic agents
- drugs used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia