Psychology-the real chapter 3
Terms
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- personality
- refers to a distin ctive pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual over time
- traits
- characteristics that are assumed to describe the person across many situations
- cardinal traits
- indivdual characteristics that make each of them unique
- secondary traits
- more changeable aspects of personality. ex. preferences, habits, casual opinions, and the like
- factor analysis
- procedure that identifies clusters of correlated items that seem to be measuring some common, underlying factor
- face traits
- visible in a person's words or deeds
- source traits
- the underlying sources of surface qualities
- introversion versus extroversion
- describes the extent to which people are outgoing or shy
- neuroticism
- emotion instability. includes such traits as anxiety and an inability to control impulses
- agreeableness
- describe the extent to which people are good-natured or irritable, gentle or head-strong, cooperative or abrasive. etc
- conscientiousness
- describes the degress to which people are responsible or undependable, persevering or likely to quit
- Openness to experience
- imagination, describes the extent to which people are original, imaginative, questioning, artistic, and capable of creative thinking
- temperaments
- relatively stable characteristic styles of respinding to the environment that appear in infancy or early childhood
- genes
- the basic units of heredity made of DNA
- behavioral geneticists
- concerned with the genetic bases of ability and personality
- heritability
- gives us a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variation in a particular trait that is attributable to genetic variation among individual within a group.
- identical twins
- monozygotic. develop when a fertilized egg divides into two parts that become seperate embryos.
- fraternal twins
- dizygotic. two eggs released in the woman's ovaries instead of one
- behaviorism
- observation and direct measuremtent of behavior and acts and events taking place in the environment
- operant conditioning
- the consequences of any act powerfully affect the probability that the act will occur again (coluntary)
- reinforcers
- pleasant consequence
- locus of control
- refers to people's beliefs about whether the results of their actions are under their own control
- internal locus of control
- believe that they are responsible for what happens to them (in control of their own destiny)
- external locus of control
- believe that they are vistioms of luck, fate, or other people
- culture
- program of shared rules thta govern the behavior of members of a community or society; set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most membebrs of that community
- individualist cultures
- the "Self" is often defined as a collection of personality, independence
- collectivist cultures
- group harmony trakes over the wishes of the individual, and the "self" is defined in the context of relationships and the larger community
- monochronic cultures
- time is organized into linear segiments in which people do one thing "at a time"
- polychronic cultures
- time is organized along parallel lines and many things are done at one time
- psychodynamic
- emphasizes the movement of psychological energy within the person, in the form of attachments, conflicts, and motivations
- intrapsychic
- the movement of psychich forces within the mind
- iD
- present at birth, expresses sexual and aggressive instincts, follows the pleasure principle; unconsious
- Ego
- mediates between desires of the id and demand of the superego, follows the reality principle; partly consious
- superego
- represents conscience and the rules of society, follows internalized moral standards; mostly unconscious
- defense mechanisms
- weapons ego uses to relieve tension
- psychic reality
- focus on fantasies and symbolic meanings of events as the unconscious mind percieves them
- free association
- talking about anything that pops into your head
- libido
- psychic energy
- repression
- occurs when threatening idea, memory or emotion is blocked from consciousness
- projection
- occurs when a person's own unacceptable or threatening feeling are repressed and then atributed to someone else
- displacement
- occurs when people direct their emotions toward things, animals, or other people that are not the real object of their feelings
- reaction formation
- occurs when a feeling that produces unconsious anxiety is transformed into its opposite in consiousness
- oral stage
- makes first year of life, nourishment through mouths
- anal stage
- age 2 to 3, start of ego development, child becomes aware of the self and of the demands of reality
- the phallic or (Oedipal) stage
- roughly from 3 to age 6, sexual sensation
- letency stage
- phallic stage until puberty
- genital stage
- begins at pubery and marks the beginning of mature adult sexuality