Psychology Test #4
Terms
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- Personality
- all the consistent ways in which the behavior of one person differs from that of others
- Psychodynamic
- major theory of personality; involves the interplay of conflicting forces w/in the individua, including some that the individual may not consciously recognize; key figures: Freud, Alfred Alder, Carl Jung
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Id
Ego
Superego -
-includes all of our biological drives, based on "pleasure principle"
-rational, decision-making aspect of the personality, "reality principle"
-contains memory of parental moral, and societal rules
*part of psychodynamic theory - Trait Approach
- major theory of personality; peope have consistent personality characteristics that can be measured and studied; key figures: Sandra Bem-androgony
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Internal Locus of control
External Locus of control -
-people who believe that they are largely in control of their lives
-people who believe that they are controlled mostly by external forces - Learning Approach
- major theory of personality; personality is learned on a situation-by-situation basis, influenced greatly by social factors; key factors: Walter Mischel
- Gender Role
- the pattern of behavior that each person is expected to follow b/c of being male or female; key figure: Sandra Bem
- Humanistic Approach
- major theory of personality; personality depends on what people believe and how they percieve the world; key figures: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiological Safety Love Esteem Self-Actualization
- Why measure personality?
- To predict behavior
- Personality dimension
- superfactor - a set of related personality traits
- Big Five
- 5 superfactors that represent condensed personality traits; Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness
- Personality Inventory
- personality test; provies a summary of the different traits that constitute a person's personality; Personality Profile
- Projective Tests
- the subject "projects" himself into the situation depicted in the picture and consequently reveals his personality; Rorschach Inkblots
- Thematic Apperception Test Picture
- tell a story about a picture
- Observation
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a way to discover personality; an observer simply notes the behavior of a person or a group of people; uncontrolled - naturalistic observation
controled - situational testing - Hartshorne & May
- personality is highly dependent on the situation; kids with coins in their desks
- Primacy Effect
- (first impressions) - we tend to be influenced more by earlier information when thinking about people
- Stereotype
- a generalized belief or expectation about a group of people
- Positive Stereotype
- black people can jump
- Neutral Stereotype
- Hispanics eat spicy food
- Negative Stereotype
- Irish people drink a lot
- Prejudice
- an unfavorable stereotype that includes a negative attitude toward a group of people
- Overcoming stereotypes and prejudices
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get to know someone or a group of people
work together toward a common goal - Attribution
- the set of though processes we use to assign causes to our own behavior and to the behavior of others
- Internal Attributions
- we attribute behavior to an internal source
- External Attributions
- we attribute beharior to an external source
- Fundamental attribution error
- the tendency to make internal attributions for other people's behavior
- Self-Serving Bias
- you attribute your failures to external causes and successes to internal causes
- Groupthink
- in a group, the tendency to think alike and suppress dissent
- Group Polarization
- the tendency of group members' opinions to become more extreme (in the same direction as their initial opinions) after group discussion
- Conformity
- changing one's behavior to match the behavior of others as a result of real or imagined group pressure
- Deindividuation
- the loss of sense of self that occurs when people in a group are literally anonymous; can lend to inappropriate behavior (violence)
- Diffusion of Responsibility
- the tendency to feel less responsible to act when other people are nearby
- Social Loafing
- the tendency to work less hard when sharing work with other people
- Cognitive Dissonance
- a motivating force to change either an attitude or behavior esp. if self-esteem is threatened
- To minimize Codnitive Dissonance
- change some of his attitudes to bring them in line with his actions
- Schizophrenia
- split mind
- Strongest predictor of alcoholism
- parental alcoholism
- Abnormal Behavior
- the condition is somehow undesirable or maladaptive
- DMS
- manual of mental disorders