PSY 101 Exam 3
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- How does the textbook define intelligence?
- The ablility to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively, and to deal adaptively with the environment
- Which two scientists were the first to attempt to measure intelligence?
-
Sir Francis Galton
Alfred Binet - What is the definition of the “mental age†that Alfred Binet tested?
- The average level of intelligence for a certain age level in children
- What is the Stanford-Binet test?
- Standard for measuring mental aptitude in the United States
- What was the original “formula†for IQ?
- IQ = (mental age : chronological age) X 100
- Do modern IQ tests still use the concept of mental age? Why or why not?
- No. It is less useful for people over age 16.
- What is the average IQ score?
- 100
- What is the psychometric approach to the study of intelligence?
-
Identifies and measures abilities that underlie individual differences in performance
Provides a measurement-based map of the mind - How is factor analysis used in the psychometric approach?
-
Indicates what tests are measuring
It finds out which test socres cluster together and which are correlated to others - What is the difference between general intelligence and specific intelligence?
- General intelligence is basic knowledge and specific knowledge is complex
- What is the g factor?
- General intelligence
- Crystallized intelligence
-
Applying previously acquired knowledge to current problems
(i.e. vocab and info tests) - Fluid intelligence
-
Problem solving in which personal experience does not provide a solution
(depends on central nervous system) - What is the three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities?
- A hierachical model that establishes three levels of mental skills: GENERAL, BROAD, and NARROW
- What is the cognitive process approach to the study of intelligence?
- Explore the specific information-processing and cognitive processes that underlie intellectual ability
- What are the three components to Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?
- Metacomponents, Performance components, Knowledge-acuqisition components
- What is emotional intelligence?
- Being aware of yours and others' emotionos, self-motivation, controlling emotions
- What test is the most widely used intelligence test in the United States today?
- Wechsler tests
- What are the two classes of subtests on this test?
- verbal and performance
- What is the difference between an achievement test and an aptitude test?
-
Achievement measure what you've already learned
Aptitude measures potential for learning - What is the textbook’s definition of a psychological test?
- Method for measuring individual differences related to some psychological concept based on a sample of relevant behavior in a controlled situation
- What is reliability?
- Consistency of measurement
- What are the three types of reliability?
-
Test-retest reliability
Internal consistency
Interjudge reliability - What is validity?
- How well a test measures what it's supposed to measure
- What are the three types of validity?
-
Construct validity
Content validity
Criterion-related validity - What is standardization?
-
The development of norms
Rigorously contolled testing procedures - How is standardization related to norms and the normal distribution?
- 27
- What is the Flynn Effect?
- Rising curve of IQ throughout the years
- By how much has IQ been “increasing†over the past century?
-
3 points per decade
28 points since 1910 - What is static testing?
- Traditional testing
- What is the advantage of dynamic testing?
- Examiner gives respondent feedback on how to improve and observes if he/she utilizes it
- How are genes and environment related to a person’s intelligence?
- More genes people have in common, more similar IQs are
- What are the two types of test bias?
-
Outcome bias (underestimates inellectual ability)
Predictive bias (successfully predicts criteria for some groups but not others) - Do men and women have identical performances on intelligence tasks?
-
Men - spatial tasks and target-directed motor skills
Women - perceptual speed and ideational fluency - What level of IQ is considered “gifted�
- 130 and higher
- What level of intelligence is considered “mentally retarded�
- Between 50 and 70
- How does the textbook define motivation?
- The process that influences the direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior
- Instincts
- inherited characteristic that automatically produces a particular response when exposed to stimulus
- Homeostasis
- Internal physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain
- Drives
-
States of internal tension that motivate an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension
Caused by disruption to homeostasis - How do instincts, homeostasis, and drives influence our behavior?
-
Regulate hunger/thirst
Increase arousal - BAS (behavioral activation system)
- roused to action by signals of reward and positive need gratification
- BIS (behavioral inhibition system)
- responds to stimuli that signal potential pain, nonreinforcement, and punishment
- Expectancy x value theory
-
Goal directed behavior is JOINTLY influenced by:
1. person's expectancy that a particular behavior will get you to the goal
2. How positively/negatively you value the goal - Extrinsic motivation
- Performing an activity to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment
- Intrinsic motivation
- Performing an activity for its own sake
- How are Freudian instincts different from biological instincts?
- Freudians instincts are disguised by acceptable behavior
- 7. What is the drive-reduction theory?
- 48
- 8. What is the Thematic Apperception Test?
- 49
- Maslow’s Need Hierarchy
- A progression containing deficiency needs at the bottom and human growth needs at the top
- What is the ultimate human motive according to Maslow?
- Self-actualization - represents need to fulfill potential, to live "deeply"
- 10. What is the difference (discussed in lecture) between d-motives and b-motives?
- 52
- Self-determination theory
-
Focuses on three fundemental psychological needs: COMPETENCE, AUTONOMY, and RELATEDNESS
Humanists - Metabolism
- The body's rate pf energy (caloric) utilization
- Set point
- Biologically determined standard around which body weight is regulated
- Basal metabolic Rate
- 56
- How is the Basal metabolic rate affected by age
- 57
- Glucose
- Sugar that is the body's and brain's major source of fuel
- Cholecystoinin (CCK)
-
Peptide that helps produce satiety
Travels to brain to decrease food intake - Leptin
-
Hormone secreted by fat cells
Decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure - How do environmental factors affect food intake?
- When, how, and what we eat
- Anorexia Nervosa
- Intense fear of being fat and restrict food intake to starvation
- Bulimia nervosa
- Binge-eating and purging food
- Four stages of Sexual response cycle
-
Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution - What does the term sexual orientation refer to?
- Emotional and erotic preference for partners of a particular sex
- Why do we affiliate with other people?
-
To obtain positive stimulation
To receive emotional support
To gain attention
To permit social comparison - Sexual strategies theory
- Mating strategies and preferences that reflect inherited tendencies
- Social structure theory
- Men and women display different mating preferences beacause society directs them into different social roles
- Need for Achievment
- Positive desire to accomplish tasks and compete successfully with standards of excellence
- Achievement goal theory
- Focus on manner in which success is defined both by individual and within achievement situation itself
- What is the difference between a mastery orientation and an ego orientation?
-
Mastery - personal improvement, maximum effort
Ego - outperforming others - What is the motivational climate?
- Rewards either mastery or ego approach
- What are the three basic types of motivational conflict?
-
Approach-approach
(2 favorable options)
Avoidance-avoidance
(2 shitty options)
Approach-avoidance
(being attracted and repelled by same goal) - Emotions
- Feeling states that involve a pattern of cognitive, psysiologicalm and behavioral reactions to events
- Eliciting stimuli
- Stimuli that trigger COGNITIVE APPRAISALS and EMOTIONAL RESPONSES
- Cognitive appraisals
- Interpretations and meanings that we attach to sensory stimuli
- What areas of the brain are involved in emotional responses?
-
Amygdala
Thalamus
Cerebral Cortex - Expressive behaviors
- Observable emotional displays
- 27. How does culture influence the expression of emotions?
- 79
- James-Lange Somatic Theory
- Our bodily reactions determine the subjective emotion we experience
- Cannon-Bard Theory
- Subjective experience of emotion and physiological arousal DON'T cause one another
- Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
- Feedback from facial muscles to the brain plays a key role in determining NATURE and INTESITY of emotions
- What makes people happy?
-
Development of close relationships
Make time for enjoyable activities
Nurture physical well being
Open to downward comparison - What is the difference between downward comparison and upward comparison?
-
Upward - viewing ourselves as worse off than standard
Downward - seeing ourselves better off than the standard - 1. What is the textbook’s definition of personality?
- 85
- 2. What are the three structures that Freud divided personality into?
- 86
- Reality principle
- 87
- Pleasure principle
- 88
- Defense mechanism (TABLE 12.1 on pg 445!)
- 89
- 5 Psychosexual stages
- 90
- 5. How are fixation and regression related to Freud’s psychosexual stages?
- 106
- Oedipus complex
- 107
- What stage does Oedipus complex occur
- 108
- 7. How was Carl Jung’s theory on personality different from Freud’s? (i.e. personal unconscious, collective unconscious, archetypes)
- 109
- Phenomenology
- 110
- 9. What is George Kelly’s personal construct theory?
- 111
- What test did Kelly use to measure individuals’ personal construct systems?
- 112
- 10. What is the central concept of Carl Roger’s theory?
- 113
- 11. How are self-consistency and congruence related to Roger’s theory?
- 114
- How is the need for positive regard related to Roger's theory?
- 115
- 12. What did Carl Rogers define as a “fully functioning person�
- 116
- Self-esteem
- 117
- Self-verification
- 118
- Self enhancement
- 119
- Personality traits
- 120
- 15. What is the factor analysis approach to defining personality traits?
- 121
- Five factor model
- 122
- 17. Are personality traits typically stable over time?
- 123
- Evolutionary personality theory
- 124
- Strategic pluralism
- 125
- Temperament
- 126
- 19. How is temperament considered to be the building blocks of personality?
- 127
- 20. What is the focus of the social-cognitive theories?
- 128
- Reciprocal determinism
- 129
- 21. What is Rotter’s concept of internal-external locus of control?
- 130
- 22. According to Albert Bandura, what is a key factor in how people regulate their lives?
- 131
- Behavior-outcome expectancies
- 132
- Self-reinforcement processes
- 133
- 24. How does culture influence personality?
- 134
- Gender schema
- 135
- What are the different types of personality assessment?
- 136
- 1. What does the vulnerability-stress model suggest about psychological disorders?
- 137
- 2. What does the term “abnormal†mean?
- 138
- 3. What is the major psychiatric classification system used in the United States?
- 139
- 4. How do reliability and validity play a role in diagnosing psychological disorders?
- 140
- 5. In legal terms, what do competency and insanity refer to?
- 141
- Anxiety
- 142
- Anxiety disorders
- 143
- 5 main types of anxiety disorders
- 144
- Phobic disorder
- 145
- Generalized anxiety disorder
- 146
- Panic disorder
- 147
- Obsession Compulsive Disorder
- 148
- Obsessions
- 149
- Compulsions
- 150
- 11. What are the four major symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder?
- 151
- 12. Are biological factors related to the cause of anxiety disorders?
- 152
- Neurotic anxiety
- 153
- Somatoform Disorder
- 154
- Hypochondrias
- 155
- Pain Disorder
- 156
- Conversion Disorder
- 157
- Dissociative disorder
- 158
- Psychogenic fugue
- 159
- Psychogenic amnesia
- 160
- Dissociative identity disorder
- 161
- What causes DID?
- 162
- Mood disorder
- 163
- Depression
- 164
- Different types of depression
- 165
- Bipolar disorder
- 166
- How is mania related to bipolar disorder?
- 167
- 19. What does it mean to have personality-based vulnerability to mood disorders?
- 168
- Depressive cognitive triad
- 169
- Depressive attributional pattern
- 170
- Learned helplessness theory
- 171
- Schizophrenia
- 172
- Delusions
- 173
- Hallucinations
- 174
- How are delusions and hallucinations related to schizophrenia?
- 175
- 4 Subtypes of schizophrenia
- 176
- 23. What is the difference between positive symptoms and negative symptoms?
- 177
- 24. What are the causes of schizophrenia?
- 178
- Dopamine hypothesis
- 179
- 25. What are the possible sociocultural causes of schizophrenia?
- 181
- Personality disorder
- 182
- Antisocial personality disorder
- 183
- Borderline personality disorder
- 184
- Attention deficit/hpyeractivity disorder
- 185
- Is ADHD more common in boys or girls?
- 186
- Autistic disorder
- 187
- Is autistic disorder more common in boys or girls?
- 188
- Common characteristics of autistic disorder
- 189
- Possible causes of autistic disorder
- 190
- What did Sir Frances Galton focus on?
- Hereditary Genius
- Competence motivation
- Need to master new challenges to perfect skills
- Autonomy
- Represents an attempt to achieve greater freedom and regulation by the self
- Relatedness
- Self's desire to form meaningful bonds with others
- What is social comparison?
- Comparing our beliefs, feelings, and behaviors with those of other people