HISTORY FINAL
Terms
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- colony
- territory settles and ruled by people from another land
- Akkadian Empire
- world's first known empire
- Paleolithic Age
- Prehistoric period that lasted from about 2.5 million to 8000 BCE also refered to as Old Stone Age
- Geographer
- Scientist who studies Earth and its people
- Cunieform hard to decipher bc
- several versians of cuneiform script developed to write dfferent languages
- Sargon
- ruler of orld's first known empire
- legislature
- lawmaking body they debated laws before deciding to approve or reject the laws
- Record keeping
- trait of civilization that deals with keeping track of things
- Henry Rawlinson
- adventurous plyglot english army, copied bihisten inscription and translated it
- cartouche
- rope-loop outline containing name of a pharaoh
- Archaeologists who study colapse of Aegean Bronze age
- are Indecided over what caused the downfall of bronze
- dynasty
- ruling family
- archaeologist
- Scientist who learns about early people by digging up and studying the traces of early settlements
- Geography
- The study of Earth and its people
- During egypt's old kingdom
- rulers known as pharoahs organized a strong, centralized government
- ostracism
- athenian citizens could vote to banish or send away public figure whom they see as a threat to their democracy (would have to spend 10 years out of the city)
- Ramses II
- powerful and ambitious pharaoh ho ecpanded Egypt all the way to Sumer/ ruled 66 years
- Absence of defnsive walls around palace
- evidence that suggest Minoan civilization was essentially peaceful
- Assurbanipal
- king who founded one of the first libraries
- polytheism
- Belief in many gods or goddesses
- Assurbanipal
- king who founded one of the first libraries
- strait
- narrow water passages
- wheel
- Sumerian invention that improved transportation and pottery making
- Women in ancient Sumer
- had some legal rights, such as engaging in trade and owning property
- After Assurbanipal's death
- Assyrian empire was crushed and Babylon restored power
- Hittites
- invaders from Asia Minor
- Ahriman
- battled with Ahura Mazda (prince of lies and evil)
- Zoroaster
- helped unite the persian empire. lived 600 B.C. rejected old persian gods and taught about Ahura. Established a new religion called zoroasta (monotheistic)
- Describes early Mesopotamian empires
- Warfare and culural advancement often went hand in hand
- fertile crescent
- region of the middle east in which civilizations arose
- demotic
- replaced hhieratic script, simplified shaped of hieroglyphs
- nomads
- a group of peoplewho have no set home but move from place to place
- direct democracy
- citizens could take party directly in the day to day affairs of government
- babylon captivity
- Babylon's armies captured judah Nubuchadnezzar destroyed temple caused diasphora from judah to all around the world
- babylonian society
- penalty fpr harming a servent was less severe than for harming an equal
- Patriarchal
- men held the greatest legal and moral authority
- priest
- In sumer, the kinda and this group of people has the greatest power
- dead sea scrolls
- discovered in caves in the dead sea greatest manuscript discovery
- Jean- Francois Champollion
- credited with deciphering Rosetta Stone
- civilization
- A human society with an advanced level of development such as those that developed in Sumer
- hominid
- Any humanlike being that walks on two feet
- Subject of Odyssey
- struggles of Odysseus to return home after the war
- Rosetta Stone
- An important primary source with three languages that provided clues about the writing system of ancient Egypt / scripts included hieroglyphs, demotic script, greek
- Upper and Lowe Egtpt united by
- King Menes
- hieratic
- Egyptian writing for everyday use
- Homo erectus
- 1.8 mya first migrated out of Africa to europe and asia/ stood up right/ first evidence of fire / larger bones smaller teeth
- fresco
- colorful watercolor paintings painted on wet plaster
- hieratic
- cursive form of writing created by simplyfing the shape of hieroglyphics before demotic
- Rulers of Sumerian city-states
- lead religous ceremonies, mainntain city walls and ittigation systems, lead armies in war and enforce the laws
- Donald Johanson
- discovered LUCY
- Reason for small and independant city-states in Greece
- Rocky islands and isolated valleys of Greece
- jury
- panel of citizens who have the authority to make final judgement in a trial
- 60
- number the sumerian math system was based on
- trade
- Success of Minoans based on
- Early inhabitants of Crete "Minoans" are named because
- archeaoligist eho excavated Crete named them after King Minos
- money economy
- goods and services that are paid through exchange of some token of agreed value such as a coin or bill
- stipend
- fixed salary given to public office holders
- Sumer
- An ancient region of couthern Mesopotamia, where the world's first civilization arose around 3300 BCE
- vizier
- chief minister who supervised the business of government in ancient egypt
- SUmerians believed
- beer drinking was seen as hallmark of civilization
- Abraham
- man that lived near Ur. 2000 BC he and his family herdings their sheepand goats into Canaan. father of the israelite people
- upper egypt
- southern egypt, king Menes stretched from nile's first cataract q/ in 100 miles of Mediterranean sea
- Homo habilis
- 2 mya(first stone tools) "handy man", Lived in Africa only
- slaves
- members of the lowest class of sumer
- cataract
- waterfall
- Anthropologist
- scientist who studies the culture of various peoples
- criminal law
- laws governing offenses against others
- Marduk
- chief god of Babylon
- prophets
- piritual leaders emerged to interpret gods will (isaiah, jeremiah) reminded people of their duties
- Mary and Lous Leakey
- found first evidence of hominids
- sargon
- ruller of akkad, invaded and conquered neighboring city-staes of sumer, built first empire known in history
- sabbath
- a holy day for rest and worship
- Hyksos
- Invaders from Asia Minor who invaded Egypt and toppled the Middle Kingdom
- David
- Strong wise, second king of israel, united tribes into single nation
- lower part of polis
- market places/ theaters/ homes
- Physical Map
- A map that shows landforms and bodies of water in a particular area
- hyksos
- foreign invaders that invaded delta region ( middle kingdom)
- top of polis
- acropolis: great marble temples
- babylonian Empire
- empire established by Hammurabi
- True about Trojan War
- took place around 1250 BCE, concerned economic rivalry between Mycenae and Troy, probable site of ancient Tro was excavated by heinrich Schliemann
- how is bronze made?
- smelting copper and tin creating a bronze alloy and casting it into bronze artifacts
- Assyrian society
- Assyrian rulers led to an orderly society yet kept control through brutal measures
- cuneiform
- in the middle east a system of writing that used wedge shaped marks
- Diasphora
- jews spreading out all over the world
- Political Map
- A map that shows what people have created, such as countries
- Exerpt from Hammurabi's code says
- disrespect from children was not toleratd in Babylonian society
- polis
- made up of a major city or town and its surrounding country side built on 2 levels. unequal rights/ hot climate males political power
- Epic of Gilgamesh revealed sumerians believed
- power must be balanced with wisdom, we should strive to do good works and appreciate life, children must learn from their mistakes wihtout interference from parents or gods
- demotic
- one of the three scripts on the ROseetta Stone
- Ahura Mazda
- ne singel wise godthat ruled the world. Zoroaster taught about to persians (force of darkness) in constant battle against ahriman
- monarchy
- government in which a hereditary ruler exercises central power
- Hammurabi's Code addressed
- civil and criminal law
- torah
- torah most sacred text. includes the first 5 books of the hebrew bible, has laws and events recorded in it, 1.Genesis 2. Exodus 3. Leviticus 4. Numbers 5. Deuteronomy
- bronze
- Metal that is a mixture of copper and tin
- olligary
- power in the hands of small wealthy elite
- Henry Rawlinson
- credited with deciphering Behistun Inscription
- Factors for destruction of Mnoan civilization
- volcanic eruption, earthquake, a giant wave
- First known peace-traty signed by
- Egyptions and Hittites
- barbaroi
- what the greek called foreigners
- Lucy
- australopthicene discovered by donald Johanson
- stylus
- an ancient writing system developed by the SUmerians that was made up of wedge-shaped markings
- citizens
- free residents/ male/ parents born there/ over 30
- civil law
- laws governing private rights and matters
- declined and its power faded
- in 1100 BCE to 900 BCE greek civilization
- Egypts middle kingdom marked by the following
- political corruption, frequent rebelions, expansion of arable land
- prehistory
- period of time before writing systems were invented
- early Homo sapiens
- 250000 ya / lived in Africa
- monotheistic
- believing in one god
- Dorians
- people that invaded from the north
- Sumerians believed
- the gods are responsible for the forces of nature, gods favor justice but are also responsible for violence and suffering, gods respond favoribly when people pray an offer sacrifices
- king
- New type of leader in Sumer who was the highest-ranked leader
- Sumerian system of writng
- developed from pictograms into phonograms
- Mycenean power faded after Trohan War-- what took place after
- cities were abandoned the art of writing was lost, trade declined
- Australopithecines
- earliest group of hominids/ lived in africa 7mya/ lleft footprints/ape like characteristics
- pictograph
- Picture or drawing that represents a word or an idea in an early system of writng
- THomas Youngs decipherment of ROsetta Stone
- recognizing cartouches conatined names of pharaophs, realizeing that some hieroglyphs were partly alphabetic, deciphering most of the demotic signs
- helots
- state owned slaves
- nebuchanezzar
- aggressive and rutheless king of new babylon
- delta
- triangular marshland at the mouth of some rivers
- ziggurat
- Temple that was the center of the city-life in Sumer
- Like MInoans, Mycenaeans were
- sea traders both within and beyond the Aegean Sea
- Hittites advances included
- improved horse-drawn chariots, improved weapans, improved metal technology
- hammurabi
- king of babylon, brought much of mesopotamia under his empire, created hammurabi code
- Troy's strategic importance in the ancient world came from
- location at the gateway of theBlack Sea
- decipher
- to decode or figure out the meaning of
- Domesticate
- To raise and tend a plant or animal to be of use to humans
- When and how did the bronze aegean age begin?
- 3000 B.C. when civilization first established a far ranging trading network. they imported tin to cyprus where there was already copper and bam
- After decline of New Kingdom
- Egyptian power slowly declined
- pericles
- able states man wise and skillful leadership caused economy to thrive and the government to become more democratic
- When and how did the aegean bronze age collapse?
- still being studied not yet discovered maybe from fires volcanic eruptions iron ended between 1400 and 1200 B.C
- moses
- israelite that renewed gods covenant and took the jews out of egypt to the promise land took 40 years
- city-state
- Political unit that includes a city and its nearby famlands and villages
- Solomon
- Davids son. became king, created isreals capital (Jerusalem) won fame for his wisdom and understanding, negotiated with powerful empires such as egypt and mesopotamia
- plow
- first important tool invented to help farmers, which helped them break up ground for planting
- Catal Huyuk
- Ancient farming village in Turkey who runs back to dates 8000 yrs ago
- Homo sapiens
- Species of humans
- Main difference between Geography of greece annd other ancient civilizations
- Greece's limited resources required extensive trade to support a growing population
- tyrants
- people who gained power by force
- aristocracy
- rule by a hereditary land holding elite
- the sea waas important to Minoan society
- Frescos in palace at Knossos reveal
- scribe
- Person who specializes in writing and serves as a record keeper
- phalanx
- massive tactical formation on heavily armed soldiers
- hierarchy
- system of ranking groups
- Darius
- emperor who ruled from 522-486 B.C (36 years) and set up a bureaucracy
- Neolithic Age
- Prehistoric period that began about 8000 BCE and ended about 3000 BCE, also called the New Stone Age
- bureaucracy
- system of government that includes different job functions and levels of authority
- Neanderthal
- hominin with sloping forehead and heavy muscles, adapted to cold environments
- kingdom of Israel
- set up by israelites 1000 b.c david became the kind and ended the feud and made ___ a singe nation
- hieroglyphics
- systm of writing in which picture called hieroglyphs represent objects, concepts, and sounds
- inscribe
- to write or carve words or symbols
- council of 500
- conducted daily government business selected by lot
- To become human Enkidu had to
- eat bread,drink beer, bathe
- shrine
- areas dedicated to honoring
- delian league
- alliance with athens and other greek city states (held in delos)
- Homo erectus
- first known hominin known to use fire
- Canaan
- promise land.
- what does the term bronze age refer to?
- a period of time in human cultural development which included techniques or smelting copper and tin
- papyrus
- plant used to make paper
- cyrus the great
- when babylon fell, HE and the persian armies built the largest empire yet seen, asia minor to india, marched against nebuchudnezzar and defeated
- Reason sumerians built their cities largely out of clay bricks
- they lacked other building mateials
- codify
- arrange and set down in witing
- Mesopotamia
- Area of Southwest Asia betwen Tigris and Euphrates rivers whose name means "land between the rivers"
- lower egypt
- northern egypt
- Homo habilis
- first hominin known to make tools
- Order of empires arising in the Fertile crescent
- Akkad,(old) Babylon,Hittites, Assyria, (new) Babylon