Physical Scienc Chapter 17
BYU Physical Science 100 terms.
Terms
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- Physical Properties
- Properties like melting or boiling temperature, density, ionization potential.
- Chemistry
- The discipline in which the interactions of atoms with each other are studied.
- Periods
- Horizontal rows in the periodic table within which physical and chemical properties change systematically.
- Valence Electrons
- One or more electrons in the outermost populated electron shell of an atom. Valence electrons determine an element's chemical reactivity.
- Families or Groups of Elements
- Elements that were grouped together because they had very similar chemical properties and are now known to have the same number of valence electrons. An element family occupies a vertical column in the Periodic Table.
- Atomic Number
- The number of protons in a nucleus. This number defines an element.
- Law of Constant Composition
- Substances contain a fixed, definite proportion of elements by mass.
- Electron Configuration Diagram
- An enumeration of how electrons populate atomic orbitals that is consistent with the "lowest-energy filled first" and "exclusion" principles.
- Chemical Properties
- Properties associated with the chemical reactivity of a material.
- Atomic Size
- An estimate of the volume occupied by an atom. The number is obtained from the density of the solid state of the element.
- Transition Metals
- The set of metal elements designated with B column headings. They have valence electron configurations involving d electrons.
- Element
- Matter that contains only one kind of atom.
- Metals
- Elements that are good electrical and thermal conductors and can be hammered into thin sheets or drawn into fine wires.
- Ionization Energy
- The amount of energy needed to completely remove an electron from an atom. The energy needed to remove the first electron from a neutral atom varies periodically with atomic number.
- Main Group
- The set of metal and non-metal elements designated with A column headings. They have valence electron configurations involving only s and p electrons.
- Atomic Theory
- The model that matter is made up of atoms.
- Periodic Law
- The properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic masses.
- Non-Metals
- Elements that do not conduct electricity.