Maren
Terms
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- chemistry
- the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes
- atom
- smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element
- mass
- a measure of the amount of matter
- element
- a pure substance made of only one kind of atom
- compound
- a substance that is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded in a definite ratio
- a system
- what is under study; not the surroundings
- hypothesis
- scientific guess
- model
- a representation of something that can't easily be viewed directly
- theory
- an explanation of observed phenomena which has been tested and verified
- a quantity
- something that has magnitude, size, or amount
- the law of conservation of mass
- mass is neither created nor destroyed during ordinary chemical or physical reactions
- the law of definite proportions
- a chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or source of the compound
- the law of multiple proportions
- if two or more different compounds are composed of the same two elements, then the ratio of the masses of the second element combined with a certain mass of the first element is always a ratio of small whole numbers
- atomic number
- the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of that nucleus
- isotopes
- atoms of the same element that have different masses
- mass number
- the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an isotope
- nuclide
- a general term for any isotope of any element
- atomic mass unit
- exactly 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom
- average atomic mass
- the weighted average of the atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element
- mole
- the amount of a substance that contains as many particles as there are in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12
- electromagnetic radiation
- a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space
- wavelength
- the distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves
- frequency
- the number of waves that pass a given oint in a specific time, usually one second
- the photoelectric effect
- the emission of electrons from a metal when light shines on the metal
- a quantum
- the minimum quantity of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom
- a photon
- a particle of electromagnetic radiation having zero rest mass and carrying a quantum of energy
- the quantum theory of the atom
- it describes mathematically the wave properties of electrons and other very small particles
- heisenberg uncertainty principle
- it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle
- an orbital
- a three-dimensional region around the nucleus that indicates the probably location of an atom
- quantum numbers
- specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitals
- an electron configuration
- the arrangement of electrons in an atom
- the aufbau principle
- an electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital that can receive it
- the pauli exclusion principle
- no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers
- hund's rule
- orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin
- periodic law
- the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
- the periodic table
- an arrangement of the elements in order of their atomic numbers so that elements with similar properties fall in the same column or group
- atomic radius
- 1/2 of the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together
- ionization energy
- the energy required to remove one electron from a neutral atom of an element
- electronegativity
- a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons
- cation
- a positive ion
- anion
- a negative ion
- a chemical bond
- a mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together
- nonpolar covalent bond
- a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of electrical charge
- polar covalent bond
- a covalent bond in which the bonded atoms have an unequal attraction for the shared electrons
- molecule
- a neutral group of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds
- chemical formula
- indicates the relative numbers of atoms of each kind in a chemical compound by using atomic symbols and numerical subscripts
- molecular formula
- shows the types and numbers of atoms combined in a single molecule of a molecular compound
- diatomic molecule
- a molecule containing only two atoms
- the octet rule
- chemical compounds tend to form so that each atom, by gining, losing, or sharing electrons, has an octet of electrons in its highest occupied energy level
- structural formula
- indicates the kind, number, arrangement, and bonds but not the unshared pairs of the atoms in a molecule
- single covalent bond
- a covalent bond prodced by the sharing of one pair of electrons between two atoms
- double covalent bond
- a covalent bond produced by the sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms
- triple covalent bond
- a covalent bond produced by the sharing of three pairs of electrons between two atoms
- ionic compound
- composed of positive and negative ions that are combined so that the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal
- a formula unit
- the simples collection of atoms from which an ionic compounds formula can be established
- polyatomic ion
- a charged group of covalently bonded atoms
- metallic bonding
- the chemical bonding that results from the attraction betwen metal atoms and the surrounding sea of electrons
- VSEPR theory
- repulsion between the sets of valence-level electrons surrounding an atom causes these sets to be oriented as far apart as possible