CASA psych Learning
Terms
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- omission training
- a form of condtioning in which the reinforcement is give if the behavior in question does not occur in a certain time period
- reinforcer
- a general term for something that tends to elicit more of a behavior
- insight learning
- a type of learning described by Kohler after his research involving apes stacking boxes to get bananas
- counter-conditioning
- a general term for breaking the CS-CR relationship when the CR is undesireable; it works by replacing the CR with a different, desireable CR
- biological constraints on learning
- a term that includes the idea that organisms tend to learn fastest behaviors that affect survival
- Edward Tolman
- he developed the idea of cognitive maps
- Ivan Pavlov
- he essentially invented classical conditioning
- BF Skinner
- the father of operant conditioning
- fixed ratio
- behavior reinforced on this schedule is most likely to be performed at a high rate in a short time
- BF Skinner
- he developed the schedules of reinforcement through his research with pigeons
- motivation
- both internal and external, it has an effect on how well we learn
- constructed
- knowledge that children figure out for themselves
- acquisition
- refers to the process of an organism's pairing the CS with the UCS so that the CS will produce the CR
- exposure therapy
- a type of therapy designed to present a patient with a phobic object and help the patient overcome the phobia
- Rosalie Rayner
- worked on the Little Albert experiment with Watson
- reciprocal determinism
- Bandura's idea that our behavior, our psychology and our environment all affect each other
- higher-order conditioning
- associating a new neutral stimulus with a previously conditioned CS so that the new stimulus eleicits the original CR
- conditioned stimulus
- it elicits the same response as, for example, Pavlov's dog food
- biofeedback
- a method for controlling physiological processes by monitoring them
- negative punishment
- because he failed 3 classes in the first semester, his parents took away his shoes and made him walk to school every day in February barefoot
- avoidance
- attempting to escape a potential unpleasant stimulus, by either passive or active behavior
- John B. Watson
- the father of behaviorism
- operant conditioning
- a method of increasing or decreasing particular behaviors by means of rewards and punishments
- intrinsic motivation
- a desire to do something for its own sake, because one finds the behavior rewarding in itself
- active avoidance
- keeping away from an unpleasant stimulus by performing a particular behavior; eg, pressing a lever to prevent an electric shock
- John Garcia
- his experiments in injecting animals with drugs that made them nauseous after feeding them a certain food helped to establish the idea that organisms learn best behaviors that affect survival
- stimulus generalization
- if a stimulus is similar enough to a CS the stimulus will also produce the CR
- Thorndike's Law of Effect
- that organisms tend to repeat behaviors that have posoitive outcomes
- behavior modification
- any of a number of therapies, designed to change behavior by using learning principles, especially operant and classical conditioning
- aversive conditioning
- a method of reducing unwanted behavior by pairing the behavior with an unpleasant stimulus
- emotional intelligence
- an important component of this is the ability to recognize and understands one's own feelings
- cognitive map
- a mental representation of an environment gained through experience or observation, as a rat has of a maze
- Lev Vygotsky
- he believed the best way for children to learn is for them to "construct" their own knowledge
- positive punishment
- after a poor practice, the coach made the soccer team run 20 laps around the field
- Lev Vygotsky
- he described the Zone of Proximal Development as tasks a little harder than what a child can already do, tasks that children can learn with adult guidance
- self-regulation
- Bandura said that this is one way we control our own behavior; the marshmallow/delay of gratification experiment is one example of this
- unlearned behavior
- an example of this is a bird's being able to build a nest
- positive reinforcement
- Sally gives her boyfriend a big kiss after he shares his feelings with her
- extrinsic motivation
- a desire to do something in order to earn a reward
- learned helplessness
- Martin Seligman developed this idea after experiments in which dogs were shocked; some had the opportunity to escape from the shocks, others did not
- primary reinforcer
- food would be one, but gold stars would not be
- negative punishment
- your driver's license is suspended for tickets
- secondary reinforcer
- a pat on the back would be one, but water would not be
- delay of gratification
- the marshmallow experiment demonstrated whether young children had developed this yet
- classical conditioning
- a method of getting an organism to perform a behavior by presenting a stimulus that would not ordinarily elicit that behavior
- fixed ratio
- which schedule is this: your math teacher gives you 10 extra credit points for every 20 extra problems you solve?
- overlearning
- continuing to study or practice even after one is confident of some skill or knowledge
- positive punishment
- Bart Simpson is writing "I will not blow my nose into the soft-serve machine." on the classroom blackboard.
- taste aversion
- Garcia found that animals learned this faster, probably because it is so important to survival
- negative reinforcement
- your teacher skips a required book report because the class average is an A+
- spontaneous recovery
- when a previously-conditioned CS that has been allowed to go extinct once again elicits the CR
- extinction
- failure to reinforce the CS for a number of trials will produce this
- Skinner box
- used to study operant conditioning in pigeons by enclosing the pigeons
- passive avoidance
- keeping away from an unpleasant stimulus by refraining from performing a particular behavior
- positive reinforcement
- Sally receives a plaque from the mayor for volunteering at the 4th of July parade
- latent learning
- it is acquired without conscious effort or awareness or reinforcement; and it may not appear until needed
- Albert Bandura
- he found that children will imitate adults even when no adult is in the room with the child
- fixed interval
- employees in good standing get the week between Christmas and New Year's off every year
- variable ratio
- reinforcement of the sort offered by a slot machine
- learned helplessness
- a belief that one is unable to control one's environment due to previous events in which one had no control
- negative reinforcement
- Mrs. Smith's 4th grade class doesn't have to take this week's spelling test because they had perfect attendance last week.
- systematic desensitization
- a classical conditioning technique for treating phobias by using relaxation techniques to reduce the anxiety associated with the phobic stimulus
- fixed interval
- which schedule is this: a teacher calculates your participation points every day at three o'clock?
- schedules of reinforcement
- variable interval is one
- prosocial behavior
- any that is generally beneficial to others or socially constructive
- chaining
- linking together behaviors to create a highly complex behavior
- variable ratio
- which schedule of reinforcement is this: a bass fisherman casts dozens of times but only catches a few bass?
- amount of practice
- a variable that can affect learning - the more the better
- overjustification effect
- that excessive reinforcement, especially with external rewards, can reduce behavior that had been driven primarily by intrinsic motivtion
- stimulus discrimination
- an organism's ability to distinguish two similar stimuli to determine which one will in fact be reinforced
- coping
- the ability to handle stress; optimists do this better than pessimists
- superstition
- a belief that rests on magical forces; people retain this belief if it is occasionally reinforced
- variable interval
- behavior reinforced on this schedule is most likely to be long-lasting
- shaping
- eliciting complex behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior
- token economy
- a type of operant conditioning in which points are earned for good behavior and the points can be redeemed for treats
- John B. Watson
- he tried to condition an emotional response in a small child
- delay of reinforcement
- if there is long time lag between the behavior and its consequence, conditioning may not occur
- variable interval
- Which schedule of reinforcement is this: every once in a while, your teacher gives extra credit points for students who are well-behaved in class?