Music 100 test 3
Terms
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- Romantic Period
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Romantic music, compared to classical, had greater ranges of tone color, dynamics, and pitch
Characteristics:
style- self expressive, individuality of style
expressive aims and subjects- feelings= intimacy, unpredictability, romantic
Expressive tone color: larger and more varied. Towards end of era, orchestra
included more than 100 musicians
Colorful harmony- chromatic harmony
Expanded range of dynamics, pitch, and tempo
Form- miniature and monumental - Nationalism
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(romantic)
was expected when romantic composers created music with specific national identity - Exoticism
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(romantic)
material drawn from other lands - Program Music
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(romantic)
instrumental music associated with a story, poem, or idea of a scene
program: a nonmusical element usually specified by a title of by an explanatory comment
Hecto Berlioz - Chromatic Harmony
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(romantic harmony)
uses chords not found in the prevailing major or minor scales. Chromatics chords add color and motion to romantic music. Romantic music has wide variety of keys and rapid modulations or changes from one key to anothe - Thematic Transformation
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(romantic form)
a melody returns in a later movement or section of romantic work, its character may be transformed by changes in dynamics, orchestration, or rhythm - Rubato
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(romantic tempo)
holding back or pressing foreword of tempo - The Art Song
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(romantic)
composition for solo voice and piano
forms:
strophic form: repeating the same music for each stanza of the poem
through composed form: writing new music for each stanza of poem
modified strophic: 2 of 3 stanzas are set to the same music - Song Cycle
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(romantic)
a group of art songs unified by a story line that runs through their poems, or by musical ideas linking the songs
- Franz Schubert (1797-1828)
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(romantic composer)
wrote musical works, symphonies, operas, and masses
famous works: erking, Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel - Gluseppe Verdi (1813-1901)
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(romantic composer)
Most popular of all opera composers
1st opera= oberto - Richard Wagner
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(romantic composer)
Never mastered an instrument
wrote Tristan and Isolde
wrote librettas, characters usually larger than life--- music dramas - Hector Berlioz (1803-1869)
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(romantic composer)
wrote crazy letters to lover Harriet Smithson
One of first great conductors
famous work: grandiose monumental requiem - Anton Dvorak
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(romantic composer)
Director of national conservatory of music in New York
Pentatonic scales accredidited to him
5 note scales often found in folk musi - Peter Tchaikovsky
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(romantic composer)
most famous russian composer
1st great orchestral work= Romeo and Juliet
other works: swan lake, nutcracker - Pentatonic Scales
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(romantic)
5 note scales often found in folk music
often 5 black keys on piano - Characteristics of 20th century music
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Tone color: often has a major role, noise-like and percussive sounds are used, instruments played at bottom of their ranges, less emphasis on blending
Harmony: dissonance is used more freely, unstable became stable, used polychords, chordal structures not based on triads (fourth chord, tone cluster)
Alternations to tonal system
Rhythm: increased emphasis on irregularity
Melody: no longer tied to tradition, unpredictable - Glissando
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(20th century music)
rapid slide up or down a scale - Polychord
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(20th century music)
placing one traditional chord against another - Fourth Chord
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(20th century music)
Tones are a fourth apart instead of a third - Tone Cluster
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(20th century music)
chord made up of tones only a half step apart - Polytonality
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(20th century music)
using two or more keys at the same time - Bitonality
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(20th century music)
most common use of polytonality. Use of two different keys at once - Atonality
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(20th century music)
the absence of tonality or key - Twelve-tone system
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(20th century music)
-Schoenberg (1920s) felt the need for a more systematic technique of
composition
-Gives equal prominence to each of the twelve chromatic tones
-became used by composers all over world in 1950s - Ostinato
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(20th century music)
a motive or phrase that is repeated persistently at the same pitch throughout a section - Claude Debussy
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(20th century composer)
- Linked the romantic era with the 20th century
- evoked fleeting moods and misty atmosphere
- his stress of tone color, atmosphere, and fluidity is characteristic of impressionism in music
- used medieval church modes and pentatonic scale - Neoclassicism
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(20th century music)
- Music of many composers from 1920-1950 reflected an artistic movement known as neoclassicism
- Marked by emotional restraint, balance, and clarity
- Use musical forms and stylistic features of earlier periods - Igor Stravinsky
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(20th century composer)--- Neoclassicism
Russian composer, created almost every type of work
Had specific style:
- Tone colors dry and clear while beat is strong
- Changing and irregular meters
- Ostinatos or repeating rhythmic patterns--- unify sections of a piece
- Abrupt shifts in theme
- Rich novel harmonies
- Primitivism--- deliberate evocation of primitive power through insistent rhythms and percussive sounds - Jazz
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(20th century music)
- Music rooted in improv and characterized by syncopated rhythm, a steady beat, and unique tone colors and performance techniques
- Early jazz blended elements from many musical cultures including west africa, american and european - Ragtime
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(20th century music)
- a style of composed piano music
- generally in duple meter
- performed at a moderate march tempo
- right hand is heard playing complex melodies/rhythms and the left hand is playing block chords - Blues
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(20th century music)
- Refers to a form of vocal and instrumental music and to a style of performance
- Grew out of African folk music - Elements of Jazz
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(20th century music)
- Syncopation
- Rhythm section consists of piano, double bass ,percussion, and sometimes guitar or banjo
- mainsolo instruments consist of cornet, trumpet, saxophone, piano, clarinet - New Orleans Style
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(20th century music)
- Birthplace of Dixieland Jazz
- 5-8 performers
- The Front Line--- simultaneous improv
- New Orleans style was usually based on a march or church melody, ragtime piece or popular song - Louis Armstrong
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(20th century music)
popularized scat singing
Raised the bar in terms of improv and trumpet playing - Swing (1935-1945)
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(20th century music)
- Played mainly by big bands which required more people and less improv
- Melodies were often played by entire sections of the back either in unison or in harmony
- Main melody was frequently accompanied by sac and brass - Bebop (early 1940s)
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(20th century music)
- Usually for small jazz groups 4-6 players
- Meant for listening not dancing
- Sophisticated harmonies and unpredictable rhythms
- Beat often extremely fast, was marked by the double bass and sax - Cool Jazz (1940s/1950s)
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(20th century music)
- was a relative of bebop but it was more calm and relaxed
- Integrated new instruments in the Jazz style: cello, horn, flute etc - Free Jazz (1960s)
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(20th century music)
- improv broke free of chordal perimeter, not based on regular forms or established chord patterns
- Coltrane - Leonard Bernstein
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(20th century composer)
- his music is clearly tonal enlivened by syncopations and irregular meters, and infused jazz and dance rhythms
- West Side Story - Serialism
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(20th century music)
- increased use of twelve tone system
- serialism--- use of the techniques of the twelve tone system to organize rhythm, dynamics, and tone color - Chance Music
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(20th century music)
In which a composer choses pitches, tone colors, and rhythms by random methods or allows a performer to choose much of the musical material - Minimalistic music
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(20th century music)
- characterized by a steady pulse, clear tonality, and insistent repetition of short melodic patterns
- John Adams - Musical quotation
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(20th century music)
works containing deliberate quotations from earlier music - Liberation of sound
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(20th century music)
greater exploitation of noise-like sounds