Chapter 03: Development Over the Life Span
Terms
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- developmental psychology
- the branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children
- socialization
- Shaping of individual characteristics and behavior through the stimuli and reinforcements that the social environment provides.
- maturation
- Changes due to the natural process of aging as determined by your genetics
- fetal alcohol syndrome
- a combination of birth defects caused by the mother’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy.
- motor reflexes
- automatic behaviors that are necessary for survival
- contact comfort
- pleasure derived from close physical contact.
- separation anxiety
- excessive and persistent anxiety about being separated from one’s home or parents that interferes with normal activities.
- strange situation
- laboratory procedure used to assess infant attachment style.
- secure attachement
- infants, in the mother's presence, explore actively and use the mother as a "secure base" for their adventures.
- Anxious/ambivalent
- infants, upon the mother's return, show desire for proximity, but also anger and resistance
- avoidant
- infants ignore and avoid interaction with the mother by turning away to other things such as playing with toys
- parantese
- adult use of baby talk.
- telegraphic speech
- early form of sentence consisting of only a few essential words.early form of sentence consisting of only a few essential words.
- syntax
-
the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences
a systematic orderly arrangement
studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences - surface structure
- The arrangement of the words in a sentence.
- deep structure
- The meaning or idea conveyed by a sentence.
- language acquisition device
- Chomsky hypothesized that children have a built-in system to aid in the acquisition of language that they are exposed to.
- psycholinguist
- a person (usually a psychologist but sometimes a linguist) who studies the psychological basis of human language
- overregulation
- Children around age three or four tend to apply rules of syntax to every word they encounter, leading to incorrect forms of irregular words, such as "goed" instead of "went," and "gooses" instead of "geese."
- critical period(Language Acquisition)
- Period of greatest likelihood for learning to take place.
- Jean Piaget
- Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children (1896-1980)
- assimilation
-
the state of being assimilated; people of different backgrounds come to see themselves as part of a larger national family
the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another
the process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion
a linguistic process by which a sound becomes similar to an adjacent sound
acculturation: the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure
in the theories of Jean Piaget: the application of a general schema to a particular instance - schemas
- A pattern imposed on complex reality or experience to assist in explaining it, mediate perception, or guide response.
- accomodation
- the cognitive process of revising existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding so that new information can be incorporated. In order to make sense of some new information, you actual adjust information you already have (schemas you already have, etc.) to make room for this new information.
- sensory motor stage
- birth to age 2
- object perminance
-
realises that things continue to exist even
when no longer present - preoperational stage
-
age 2 to 7
use of symbols and language accelerates. But lack cognitive abilities for understand abstract principles. - egocentric thinking
- has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others
- conservation
- The realisation that objects or sets of objects stay the same even when they are changed about or made to look different.
- Concrete operational
-
Age 7-11
Can think logically about objects and events
Achieves conservation of number (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9)
Classifies objects according to several features and can order them in series along a single dimension such as size. - Formal operational
-
11 years and up
Can think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systemtically
Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems - Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning
-
Level One:
Pre-conventional Morality Stage 1: Punishment-Obedience Orientation
Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
Level Two:
Conventional Morality Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation
Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
Level Three:
Post-Conventional Morality Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation - care based morality and justice morality
- women use care, men use justice.
- power assertion
- parent uses threats, physical force, or other kinds of power to get the child to obey.
- induction
- parent appeals to the child's good nature.
- authoritarian parenting style
- non-democratic;expecting unquestioning obedience
- authoritative parenting style
- democratic;Baumrind's term for parenting style blending respect for a child's individuality with an effort to instill social values.Baumrind's term for parenting style blending respect for a child's individuality with an effort to instill social values
- gender indentity
- the fundamental sense of being male or female; it's independent of whether the person conforms to the social and cultural rules of gender
- gender typing
- the process by which children learn the abilities,interests, personality traits, and behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture
- gender schema
- a cognitive schema (mental network) of knowledge, beliefs, metaphors and expectations about what it means to be male or female
- adolescence
- puberty stage;Stage of growth and development ranging from about 11 or 12 years old to 17 or 18 years old in which major physiologic, cognitive, and behavioral changes take place. According to some theorists, important developmental tasks need to be accomplished (e.g., developing an identity, becoming independent, etc.)
- puberty
- Physical development when sexual reproduction first becomes possible.
- menarche
- the onset of mensturation
- secondary sex characteristics
- hormonal effects such as deepened voice and facial chest hair in boys and pubic hair in both sexes
- Erik Erikson
- has been called "father of psychosocial development" and "the architect of identity. each individual passes through eight developmental stages calls them "psychosocial stages" Each stage is characterized by a different psychological "crisis", which must be resolved by the individual before the individual can move on to the next stage
- identity crisis
- distress and disorientation (especially in adolescence) resulting from conflicting pressures and uncertainty about and one's self and one's role in society
- social clock
- norms governing what most other people of the same age and historical generation are expected to do
- emerging adulthood
- between the ages of 18 and 25;"they have no name for the period they are in-because the society they live in has no name for it-so they regard themselves as being neither adolescents nor adults" may live unstable lives or jump beyond adolescence
- menopause
- the cessation of menstruation and of the production of ova; its usually a gradual process lasting up to several years
- gerentology
- a field that studies aging and the old
- fluid intelligence
-
Intelligence that reflects information-processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory
the ability, which is said to decline with age, to deal with essentially new problems - crystallized intelligence
- The accumulation of information, skills, and strategies learned through experience and that can be applied in problem-solving situation