COM 112 Final Exam
Terms
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- Communication
- The process of acting on information
- Social information processing theory
- how you can develop quality relatinships with others via email and other means
- communibiological approach
- some people inherit certain traits/characteristcs that affect the way they communicate with others
- Social learning theory
- we learn how to adapt and adjust our behaviors toward others--how we behave is not dependant on our genetic makeup
- self-concept
- a subjunctive description of who you think you are
- attitudes
- learned predisposition to respond to a person, object or idea
- self-reflectiveness
- human ability to think about what we are doing while we are doing it, ie, we can lie while speaking
- social-decentering
- taking into account another's thoughts, feelings, values, background, perspectives, like being other oriented
- self-fulfilling prophecy
- what one believes about one's self often comes true
- inclusion
- the need to be included in activities with others, to experience fellowship, like kids in kindergarten on a playground
- control
- degree of influence on relationships establishsed with others
- social penetration theory
- how much/what kind of information people reveal in various stages of a relationship, usually we want it to stay low at first
- dyadic effect
- you disclose to me, i'll disclose to you
- perception
- the process of experiencing the world and making sense of one's experiences
- impression formation theory
- we form impressions through perceptions of physical qualities and behavior, information people disclose about themselves, and what third parties tell us
- primacy effect
- attending to the first piece of information we observe
- recency effect
- to put a lot of stock in the last thing we observe
- implicit personality theory
- a pattern of associated qualities that we attribute to people which allows us to understand them (stereotypes?)
- Horn Effect
- think of horns, attribuiting a varieyt of negative qualities to people we dislike
- attribution theory
- how you generate explanations for the motives or causes of peoples' behaviors
- casual attribution theory
- identifies potential cause for any person's actions: circumstance, stimulus, person
- standpoint theory
- theory that a person's social position, power, or cultural background influences how the person perceives the behavior of others, where you stand makes a difference in what you see, helps us explain the behaviors of others
- stereotyping
- to place people in a rigid category
- culture
- a learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that are shared by a group of people
- co-culture
- a distinct cultural group within a larger cultural context, ie, roman catholics, compared to all catholics
- enculturation
- process of communicating a groups culture from generation to generation, all of grandparents' stories
- acculturation
- getting other approaches, beliefs, values, from coming into contact with other cultures, like yoga, teas, etc.
- high context cultures
- rely on nonverbal cues to interprete messages, asians
- low context cultures
- rely on language, instead of nonverbal cues, americans
- ethnocentrism
- think that one's own culture, traditions, assumptions are superior
- relational empathy
- essence of a relationship that permits varying degrees of understanding, rather than requiring complete comprehension of another's culture or emotions
- listening
- a complex process of attending to, constructing meaning from, remembering and responding to verbal and nonverbal messages
- hearing
- the physiological process of decoding sounds
- people-oriented listeners
- comfortable with, and skilled at listening to people's feelings and emotions, empathize, like dr. phil, or luke wilson, dad, in family stone
- content-oriented listeners
- more comfortable listening to complex detailed information than others
- action-oriented listeners
- prefere info that is well organized, brief and error free
- time oriented listeners
- like messages delivered quickly and briefly
- impersonal
- people are treated as objects, like sales clerks or people at a drive through window
- transaction
- your communication is influenced by forces that may not be immediatley evident to you or your communication parter
- source
- originator of thought/emotion
- emotional noise
- when emotional arousal interferes with communication effectiveness, SJP "no I will not marry you"
- critical listening
- listening to evaluate the quality/value/appropriatness/importance of the info you hear
- information triage
- a critical listener seeks to ID both good info and info that is flawed or less helpful, process of evaluating, sorting information
- symbolic interaction theory
- society is bound together by the common use of symbols, like "peace, ok, hi"
- linguistic determinism
- launguage shapes the way we think, influences our thoughts/perceptions
- linguistic relativity
- each has unique elements embedded w/in it, like how Native Americans don't stammer
- Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
- language shapes our culture and culture shapes our language
- restricted code
- a set of words that have a particular meaning to a subgroup or culture, 18 wheelers on CB, comp programmers
- jargon
- specialized language
- allness
- language that makes unqualified/untrue generalizations, about all women
- nonverbal communication
- is behavior other than written or spoeken lang. that creates meaning for someone.
- interaction adaptation theory
- describes the transitive process of how ppl adapt to the communication behavior of others
- interactional synchrony
- mirroring of nonverbal behavior while communicating
- emblems
- nonverbal cues w/ specific, generally understood meaning
- illustrators
- nonverbal behaviors that accompany verbal messages, and either contradict, accent, or compliment
- affect displays
- nonverbal movements, postures, used to communicate emotions: how you sit=if you'll be approached
- regulators
- nonverbal msgs. that help people control intrxn of comm. b/w ppl: hold hand up to interrupt
- adaptors
- nonverb. behaviors that help satisfy a personal need/adapt/respond to the immediate situation: rub hands when cold
- expectancy violation theory
- each person enters into the relationshiop w/ preconceived expectations about the other's behavior
- emotional contagation theory
- people catch the emotions of others
- interpersonal conflict
- ppl can't agree on a way to meet needs, achieve goals
- myth 1
- conflict=a poor interpers. relationship
- myth 2
- conflict can be avoided
- myth 3
- conflict occurs b/c of misunderstandings
- myth 4
- conflict can always be resolved
- myth 5
- conflict is always bad
- pseudoconflict
- lack of understanding, wording issue, simple conflict
- constructive conflict
- helps build new insights, estab. new patterns in a relationship
- destructive conflict
- conflict that dismantles, doesn't strengthen
- interpersonal relationships
- connections that develop w/ others b/c of interpers. comm. w/ them
- systems theory
- changing the system will change the elements
- predicted outcome value theory
- assessing the potential of a relationship to meet our needs vs its cost
- interpersonal power
- ability to get what you want, to influence one in the wanted direction
- dependent relationship
- one person has a greater need for the parter to meet their needs
- traditional family relationship
- share a lot
- independent family relationship
- allow space
- separate family relationship
- have opposing values
- mixed family relationship
- have mixed perceptions on roles
- social exchange theory
- ppl make relational decisions to get the most reward for the least cost
- dialectical theory
- all relational development occurs w/ various opposing forces/tensions: connectedness vs autonomy, predictability vs novelty, openness vs. closedness
- nonverbal immediacy
- cues displayed when attracted
- affinity seeking
- things done to get ppl to like you
- uncertainty reduction theory
- seek info to control/predict the future
- compliance gaining
- persuasive strategies to accomplish personal goals
- failure event
- violation of understandings b/w ppl in relationships
- implicit
- understood w/o talking about
- explicit
- agreed upon
- reproach
- saying that a failure event has occurred
- account
- a response to a reproach
- social exchange theory analysis
- analysis of rewards and cost to analyze the potential survival of a long distance relationship
- argumentativeness
- incessantly challenging others' views, someone seen as always arguing: sister (rachel), mom, SJP A dinner, gay kids
- fades away
- partners drift further apart
- sudden death
- unplanned, abrupt ending of a relationship
- incrementalism
- conflict and problems accumulate until the breaking point
- family
- a self-defined unit of any # of persons who live/have lived in a relationship w/ e/o over time
- natural family
- mom dad natural kids
- blended family
- 2 adults, their kids w/ divorce, adoption, brangelina
- single parent family
- 1 parent and at least 1 child
- extended family
- relatives
- family of origin
- family in which you were raised, adopted kids' families
- pelz effect
- subordinates want a boss who will bat for them
- quid pro quo
- do something for me, i'll do something for you