Chapter One
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Achievement Culture (Hofstede)
- societies that place a high value on material success and focus on the task at hand; "masuline" and "hard"; different male female roles
- Berger's strategies to improve intercultural communication
- passive observation; active strategies; self-disclosure
- Causes of low self-esteem
- obsolete information; distorted feedback; myth of perfection; emphasis on modesty
- Characteristics of Com. Competence
- A large repertoire of skills; adaptibility; ability to perform skillfully; involvement; empathy/perspective taking; cognitive complexity; self-monitoring
- Characteristics of identity management
- we strive to create multiple identities; i.m. is collaborative; can be deliberative or unconscious; degrees of i.m. differ
- characteristics of interpersonal com
- uniqueness irreplaceablity interdependence disclosure intrinsic rewards
- Characteristics of the self-concept
- subjective; if healthy it is flexible; resists change
- coculture
- the perception of membership in a group that is part of an encompassing culture ex: age, gender, sexual orientation
- cognitive conservatism
- the tendency to seek information that conforms to an existing self-concept
- Collectivistic Cultures
- feel loyaly to an in-group; concerned with the opinions of significant others; define themselves by membership; indirect approaches that maintain harmony; team players
- Communication
- an ongoing, transactional process in which individuals exchange messages whose meanings are influenced by the history of the relationship and the experiences of the participants
- Communication Competence
- Effective com. involves achieving one's goals in a manner that ideally maintains or enhances the relationship in which it occurs -there is no single effective way to communicate -competence is situational and can be learned
- Communication Misconceptions
- 1)Not All Com. seeks understanding 2) More Com is not always better 3) Com will not solve all problems 4) Effective com is not a natural ability
- Components of Intercultural Communication Competence
- motivation and attitude(tolerance for ambiguity and openmindedness); knowledge; skill
- dimensions of knowledge and skill
- displays of respect; interaction management; task role behavior; relational role behavior
- Ethnic Group
- A Collection of people who share customs, characteristics, language, common history, or geographic origin
- Feedback
- the discernible response of a receiver to a sender's feedback
- High power distance cultures
- Children should obey unquestioningly; power comes with age; by-the-book learning; no questions aske
- High uncertainty avoidance
- deviante people are dangerous; intolerance is high; clearly defined rules and regulations
- High-Context culture (Hall)
- rely on subtle, often nonverbal cues to maintain social harmony, indirect expression of opinions, talk "around" the point, ambiguity and silence admired
- How one develops self-concept
- Reflected appraisal (perceptions of the judgements of those around oneself) and social comparison (evaluating oneself in terms of how one compares to others)
- How to change your self-concept
- have realistic expectations; have a realistic perception of yourself; have the will to change; have the skill to change
- identity management
- the com. strategies people use to influence how others view them
- Individualistic culture
- What to help themselves; sel-freliance and competiton; view themselves in terms of what they do; "I" orientation; tolerant of conflict; produce and reward superstars
- Interactive Com Model
- Person A and B are in overlapping separate environments. Person A (S1) Behaves and sends a message through a channel which Person B (R1) decodes. Person B simultaneously behaves (S2), sending feedback through a channel to Person A (R2) who decodes the f
- Linear Communication Model
- Sender encodes a message and conveys this message to a receiver through a channel. The receiver then decodes the message. Noise interferes with accurate decoding.
- Linguistic Determinism
- the worldview of a culture is shaped and reflected by the language its members speak
- linguistic relativism
- moderate form of linguistic determinism; language exerts a strong influence on perceptions
- Low power distance cultures (Hofstede)
- minimize difference between social classes; one person is as good as another; challenge authority; showing initiative and questioning is rewarded for students
- Low Uncertainty Avoidance
- less threatened by new; welcome or tolerate unusual people; following rule and patterns isn't always expected
- Low-Context Culture (Hall)
- Uses language to express thoughts, feelings and ideas clearly and logically. They mean what they say. self-expression, ,clear speech and verbal fluency admired
- Needs Satisfied by Communication
- Physical Needs - health Identity Needs - identification of self as human being Social needs - primary way relationships are created Practical Needs - getting stuff done
- Noise (and Types of)
- Interference with the message - External Noise - those factors outside the receiver that make it difficult to hear or cause distractions; ex: sitting in the back of the room Physiological Noise - biological factors in the receiver that interfere with ac
- Nurturing Culture
- regard support of relationships as especially important goal; little male female difference; cooperation, team player; personal relationships = material achievement
- Power Distance
- the degree to which members of a society accept an unequal distribution of power
- Principles of Communication
- 1) Com can be Intentional or Unintentional 2) All Messages have a content and a relational Dimension 3) Communication is Irreversible 4) Communication is unrepeatable
- Problems with Interactive Model
- Portrays com as a static activity, suggesting that there are acts of communication beginning and ending at identifiable times, and that a sender's message causes some effect in a receiver. Suggest that at any moment a person is either giving or receiving
- Problems with the linear model
- Linear model assumes messages need encoding, but what about nonverbal bessages? Replaces "encoding" with "behavior"; Linear suggests com flows in one direction
- qualitative def. of interpersonal com
- interpersonal communication occurs when people treat one another as unique individuals, regardless of the context in which the interaction occurs or the number of people is invovled. The opposite is impersonal interaction.
- Quantitative def. of Interpersonal com
- any interaction between two people, usually face to face - dyadic. Opposite is group or mass com.
- Race
- Physical characteristics
- Requirements for an appraisal (redefinition of your self-concept) to be regarded as important
- someone we see as competent must offer it; a. must be seen as personal; reasonable in light of what i believe about myself; a. consistent and numerous
- Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
- declaration of linguistic determinism
- Social Needs satisfied by Com.
- pleasure affection Inclusion Escape Relaxation Control
- stages of self-fulfilling prophecy
- 1) holding an expectation; 2) behaving in accordance with expectation; 3) expecat. coming to pass; 4) reinforincg original expectation
- third culture
- culture created when communicators establish a unique relationship with high intercultural and interpersonal significance
- Transactional Communication Model
- Communicator A responds and decodes messages and feedback through a channel with Communicator B, who is also decoding and responding. Each have overlapping environments and noise is distracting both.
- Types of cultural differences in verbal style (3)
- Directness; elaborate vs. succint; formality vs. informality
- types of self
- perceived/private self (the person you honestly believe you are); presenting/public self (the way you want to appear to others)
- Uncertainty Avoidance
- The degree to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous situations and how much they try to avoid them (Hofstede)
- Why Transactional Model is good
- Shows simulataneous nature of com Shows difficulty in isolating a specific "act" of com degree of mutual influnece
- Access
- Availability of indiviual to receiver HC services needed
- Managed Care
- Seeks to manage utilization of medical services, price, and now providers are paid
- Capitation
- A payment mechanism where all services are included under one set fee per covered individually