Biology Test 4 22-28

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The human eye has about 6 million _____________ cells.: (cone)
The area of the eye responsible for the central and sharpest vision is known as the ____________: (fovea).
The main function of the _______________ is to support the eye.: (vitreous humor)
The development of cone cells allowed for organisms to acquire better information during the _____________ hours.: (sunlight or daylight)
Most nocturnal animals lack ______________ vision because there is no need for it at night.: (color)
Images that come from our eyes are nothing more than a set of ____________.: (dots)
To obtain a sharp image within the entire visual field our eyes constantly ____________ the entire image.: (scan)
The inner layer of the cortex is called ______________ because of its light colored appearance.: (white matter).
The _____________cortex is where the sight information is processed.: (visual)
The brain is able to filter out visual information through a process called ___________________.: (subliminal perception)
People who suffer from blind sight have lost the ability to process ____________________: (incoming visual data).
_______________ can occur because there are separate pathways in the brain used for visual perception.: (Blind sight)
Visual neglect is a neurological disorder where patients have difficulty in visualizing objects in their visual fields because the ______________ lobe of the brain has been damaged.: (parietal)
______________ syndrome is a psychiatric disorder in which the affected person imagines that someone close to them has been replaced by an imposter.: (Capgras´)
Perceptions can be influenced by our _________________ state and ______________ condition.: (psychological; physical).
To recall a list of unrelated items some people use a _____________ to create an association between the meaningful and meaningless information.: (mnemonic device)
_________ memory is a type of declarative memory that uses sensation and emotion, which is usually a more effective than semantic memory.: (Episodic)
Short term memory lasts ______________ while long term memory can last ______________.: (minutes to days; months to years)
An increase in the firing rate and magnitude of cortical neurons is otherwise known as ____________: (LTP or long term potentiation)
Storage of long tem memory is based upon a distribution model where information about an object is stored in different regions of the _______________.: (cortex)
Veteran taxi cab drivers in London have an larger ________________ than drivers just starting out.: (hippocampus)
_________ memory, a type of declarative memory, is generally more important for academic success, whereas: __________ memory is strongly associated with creativity.: (Semantic; episodic)
The _________________ region of the brain is important for procedural memory and when neurons within this brain region die as a result of Parkinsonâ€™s disease.: (basal ganglia)
The _____________ is involved in visual/spatial memory and recent studies have demonstrated that this brain region can actually grow depending upon usage.: (hippocampus)
Elephants are well-known for their memory capabilities and can locate waterholes several hundred miles away with complete accuracy, which demonstrates their _______________memory.: (visual/spatial).
Dr. Egas Moniz in 1936 developed a procedure to treat severe mental illness, known as ______________, where he removed a significant portion of the frontal lobe .: (lobotomy)
Development of the ___________ lobe is the last step in human brain development, where the neural circuitry is not fully formed until adulthood.: (frontal)
The human brain is ____________ by nature, suggesting that it evolved by adding onto existing parts of animal brains over millions of years.: (modular)
Long-term memory is stored in the _______________.: (cerebral cortex)
After witnessing the inhuman treatment of the mentally ill, _____________, a school teacher, was instrumental in lobbying congress to construct federal and state mental hospitals.: (Dorothea Dix)
_______________ therapy, where an electrical current is passed through the brain and acts as a reset mechanism, is still used today to treat mental patients who fail to respond to all other treatments.: (electoconvulsion)
In the 1950â€™s, _________________ therapy was used to induce a hypoglycemic state ultimately causing damage to the brain, resulting in behavioral modification.: (insulin shock)
Mental illnesses are quite diverse, however the basic pathological mechanism is the same, where _______________ become unable to communicate with each other.: (neurons)
______________ is a type of mental illness where the patient suffers from severe mood swings of extreme highs and extreme lows.: (manic depression)
________________ has become a last resort for treating people with severe depression.: (ECT or electroconvulsion therapy)
During a manic depression low episode, the production of _______________ is deficient.: (serotonin)
_______________ , a class of drugs, were developed to prevent the removal of serotonin in the synapse.: (SSRIs).
Prozac is an SSRI that is used to treat depression, by preventing the removal of serotonin from the synapse, in turn _____________the concentration of serotonin in the brain.: (increasing)
Manic depression has a ______________ basis, where often times many family members will suffer from this disorder.: (genetic)
In the early 1900â€™s Dr. _________________ observed that some of his patients had progressive memory loss before their deaths. For his research into this phenomenon the disorder was accordingly named after him.: (Alzheimer)
Dr. Alzheimer hypothesized that mental illness had a _____________ cause, which was contrary to the prevailing psychiatric theories that mental illness was purely_____________.: (physical; psychological)
Alzheimerâ€™s disease is characterized by _______________ loss, which is attributed to cell death in the brain.: (memory)
_____________ Alzheimerâ€™s disease has been linked to a mutation of the APP gene on chromosome 21, where symptoms will usually start to occur before the age of 50.: (Early onset)
The brains of Alzheimerâ€™s patients have characteristic _______________ plaques and _____________, which will prevent neural transmission and eventually cause cell death.: (amyloid, protein fibrils)
Methamphetamine can be produced from ________________, which is a main ingredient in cold medicines.: (pseudoephedrine)
Heroin is derived from _____________ and is a widely abused substance around the world.: (opium or poppy seeds)
Researchers realize that to cure and prevent substance abuse, they must first understand how the __________________ mechanism in the brain is responsible for the reinforcing properties of drugs.: (reward)
Electrical stimulation of the neurons in the _______________ will produce sensations of pleasure, which are similar to those sensations that are elicited by food or sex.: (nucleus accumbens).
The natural function of endorphins is to ________________________.: (reduce physical pain)
_____________ and endorphins bind to the same receptors in the brain.: (Morphine)
The most well known function of ______________, a neurotransmitter, is the production of pleasure, which is associated with hunger or sexual desire.: (dopamine)
The _____________ is the target brain area of both cocaine and amphetamines.: (VTA)
Cocaine and amphetamine both ______________ dopamine levels in the synaptic clefts.: (increase).
The neurological process of falling in love takes place primarily in the ________ system of the brain.: (limbic)
_____________ is the brain chemical involved with maintaining long term relationships or providing parental care.: (Oxytocin)
The brain slices of the monogamous prairie voles differ from that of their cousin species the montane voles in that the brains of the prairie voles have abundant levels of ____________: (oxytocin).
Dopamine is important in maintaining motor control and a reduction in dopamine production may result in____________.: (Parkinsonâ€™s disease)
Brain scans of children with ADHD show that there is a _____________ in activity in the neural pathways that are activated by dopamine.: (decrease)
Methlyphenidate, trade name Ritalin, increases dopamine activity by _____________ the dopamine transporters at the synaptic cleft.: (blocking)
Our aggression, feelings of insecurity, resentment and other personality traits are tied to ____________________ thoughts.: (subconscious)
Our mind is the result of the sum of the _____________ and ________________: (conscious, subconscious)
When a person becomes excited, dopamine and norepinephrine are released into the synaptic clefts, and ______________ is secreted into the same area to counter the actions of the 2 neurotransmitters.: (serotonin)
If a personâ€™s brain produces _____________ amounts serotonin, the neuronal excitation cannot be controlled.: (small)
Prozac or fluoxetine works by blocking the _________________.: (serotonin reuptake transporters)
Patients who suffer clinical depression have a shortage of _____________ in their synaptic clefts.: (serotonin)
If you block the uptake of serotonin, the concentration of serotonin in the synapse will ____________.: (increase)
The illegal drug ___________ was made famous in the 1960â€™s and it causes hallucinations by mimicking the action of serotonin.: (LSD)
Psilocin, the chemical found in hallucinogenic mushrooms, will enter the _____________ of the brain and bind to serotonin receptors.: (thalamus)
The ________________ cortex contains a map of the entire body and after a person has undergone amputation of a limb, the region that represents that limb no longer receives any information.: (somatosensory)
In the case of David Garabedian, it was thought that the insecticide was responsible for his aggressive behavior. The insecticide blocks the enzyme acetylcholinesterase which leads to hyperactivation of the ______________ neurons.: (hypothalamus)
During an emotional event, the hypothalamus neurons will release _________________ which will in turn initiates the fight or flight response.: (acetylcholine)
Sandy, a troubled teen, attacked and stabbed a coworker. Her defense was that she contained too few _______________ receptors in the brain, thus she was unable to control her aggression.: (progesterone)
In the condition known as ________________, seizures of any type will repeatedly occur unprovoked.: (epilepsy)
_____________ lobe seizures can elicit religious or mystical experiences.: (Temporal)
Most scientists do not believe that the theory of _________ is wrong, because of the vast substantiating evidence that has been collected over the past 150 years.: (evolution)
Without a good understanding of ________, it is not possible to become an educated student in biology.: (evolution)
The mental capacity of __________ seem to be equivalent to that of a 5-year-old human child.: (orangutans)
Because Koko (a lowland gorilla) can use______________ to communicate her feelings, thoughts, and desires, we now have unequivocal evidence of the biological continuum between humans and the great apes.: (American Sign Language)
Evidence have established that approximately _________ years ago, the great apes split into two branches.: (14 million)
___________ are our closest relatives, and our ancestors have evolved separately to give rise to our present forms.: (Chimpanzees)
Chimpanzee and early human societies were male-dominated, which is also called a _______ society.: (patrilocal)
One of Jane Goodallâ€™s first discoveries was that chimpanzees can fashion sticks to fish termites out from a termite nest. This observation shook the scientific world, because at that time, it was universally accepted that ______ use was a unique human: (tool)
In a series of experiments involving the creation of a scale model of a life-sized room, it has been shown that chimpanzees can demonstrate ________ understanding.: (conceptual)
Chimpanzee and human societies use __________ to achieve a single objective, such as hunting for monkeys.: (cooperation)
It is estimated that at about 120,000 years ago, the entire population of Homo sapiens had decreased to less than 10,000 individuals which would have led to a decrease in genetic variation. This phenomenon is known as a genetic ________.: (bottleneck)
Research by Allan Wilson and his co-workers concluded that all human mitochondrial DNA can be traced back to one woman, the Mitochondrial Eve, who had lived in Africa about ________ to _________ years ago.: (120,000 to 150,000)
The mitochondria DNA in each individual comes only from the ________.: (mother)
When you compare the genomes of any two persons from any part of the world, their DNA sequences are _____% identical.: (99.9)
One hypothesis to account for the disappearance of Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis is known as the ___________ model, which states that modern humans contributed to the extinction of local species by out-competing them.: (Replacement or Out-of-Africa)
The ________ theory describes how the universe was formed about 13.7 billion years ago.: (Big Bang)
The amount of oxygen in our current atmosphere is a result of billions of years of photosynthesis by ___________.: (cynanobacteria)
Three basic characteristics of life include the abilities to use energy, ______, and _______.: (reproduce, evolve)
All matter in the universe, including the matter in your body, comes from the inside of ______.: (stars)
The fact that all living organisms, from simple bacteria to human beings, use the same ____________ , points to the commonality of life on Earth.: (genetic code)
One of the hypotheses for the Cambrian explosion was an increase in the Earthâ€™s _______ concentration, which promoted the evolution or larger body forms.: (oxygen)
__________ _________ is the universal mechanism to insure individual uniqueness.: (Sexual reproduction).
Humans are nothing more than a collection of molecules composed of hydrogen, ____________, and ___________, yet we are one of the most complex creatures on Earth.: (oxygen, carbon: any order)
The protein, which acts like cellular â€œglueâ€ to hold cells together, is called _________. This protein was first used by the group of animals known scientifically as ________ .: (collagen, Porifera)
To coordinate the motion of muscles, the cnidarians a simple network of _______ that allow the muscle fibers to communicate using a combination of electrical impulses and chemical signals.: (nerve cells)
In Lewis Carrollâ€™s Through the Looking-Glass, . Alice asked the ________ why they did not seem to be going anywhere during their race. This scene is a good analogy for the Evolutionary Arms race, in which neither participant can get anywhere, but must: (Red Queen)
Scientists have shown that at some point in evolution, ___________ cells took up residence in eukaryotic cells to become the first organelles through a process know as ______________.: (prokaryotes; endosymbiosis)
Even though we are one of the most complex organisms on the planet, less than ____ percent of the human genome is used to encode functional proteins.: 2
Scientists have found that there are a small group of genes known as the ______ genes which are responsible for directing the body pattern formation in all animals.: (homeobox)
A brainâ€™s complexity results mainly from the types and numbers of _________ that each nerve cell has with other nerve cells.: (connections)

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Number of cards 104