Bio 33 2
Terms
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- Behavioral Genetics
- understand genetic and enviornmental contributions to behavior
- Difficulties in behavioral genetics
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-Defining behaviors (can depend on context)
-Measurement of behavior
-Complex
-Heritability measures apply only to population studied in particular enviornment - Evidence Behavior has genetic component
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Species specific behaviors
Behaviors breed true
Some behaviors run in families - MAOA Deficiency
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Monoamine Oxidase A= metabolize serotonin (reward nt)and dopamine, noradrenaline (fight or flight)
Defect on X chromosome-> decrease in enzymes activity; dont metabolize nt as effectively
Impulsive killers=low serotonin levels - Huntingtons disease
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Single gene disorder
Associated w/ some cases of aggressive behavior - Intelligence Testing
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Put people in certain categories
Given to immigrants, labled as gifted, average, or feeble minded
Spotty history of trying to measure intelligence - Eugenics
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Mendelian genetics applied to human heredity
"Improve" humanity by encouraging reproduction of ppl with "good" genes and discouraging reproduction of ppl with "bad" genes
Kept races separate, Nazi
Progressive; blamed vicitims for own problems rather than social forces) - Sterilization Laws
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Made legal the sterilization of "feebleminded, insane, criminal, epileptic, diseased, blind, deaf, deformed"
Includes orphans, tramps, homeless, and paupers - Neurons
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Sensory: bring info to brain
Motor: send info outward to muscles - Behavoiral traits
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ADHD
siblings=3-5x risk
twin studies:80%
Dopamine? - Eating disorders
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Anorexia=psych. perception of obesity+intentional starving
Bulimia=psych. perception of obesity+ intentional vomiting
Muscle dysmorphia: psych. perception of small muscle mass + steriods, excessive gym - Anorexia
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women: .5-1% lifetime risk
highest mortality rate: 15-21%
2.5% risk of 2nd eating disorder
hertiability: 0.5-0.8
Genes: Leptin (regulates appetite), Serotonin (regulates mood, appetite), Dopamine (emotional response, pain pleasure) - Intelligence
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=ability to reason, learn, remember, sythesize, deduce and create
-Alfred Binet/ IQ test.
-Standford modified - Mutliple intelligences
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spatial
verbal
logical/mathematical
bodily
musical
interpersonal
intrapersonal - Drug Addiction
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Tolerence=need to take more to achieve same effect
Dependence=withdrawal symptoms with cessation of drug
Brain becomes structurally different; change in genes - Schizophrenia
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=ability to organize thoughts and perceptions, withdrawal from reality.
-difficulty paying attention, memory/learning skills affets, psychosis
-multifactorial trait - Risk factors for schizo
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Maternal malnutrition
Infection by Borna virus
Fetal Oxygen deprivation
Obstetric or birth complication
Psychoactive Drug use (pcp)
Traumatic brain injury
Herpes infection at time of birth - DNA Properties
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-Sugar (deoxribose)
-Phosphate
-Base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)
Sugar-phosphate "backbone" connect nucleotieds in chain.
Anti parellel: 5'end of one strand aligns with 3' end of complimentary strand - Discovery of "transforming principle"
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Griffith. Bacteria & Mice..
R (rough)- no pneumonia
S (smooth)- pneumonia
Heat-killed S bacteria "transformed" R bacteria to a form that causes pneumonia - Hershey-Chase Exp/ Virus
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Genetic material in virus DNA or protein?
=DNA - DNA= double helix
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Sugar-phosphate "backbone" connects nucleotides in chain.
Antiparellel(5* one way has to match up with 3* other way)
Hydrogren bonds between bases holds DNA strands together - Replication as a process
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Double-stranded DNA unwinds, breaks hydrogen bonds.
New strand is formed by pairing complementary bases w/old strand.
2 Molecules are made
Each has 1 new and 1 old DNA strand. - Enzymes in DNA replication
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Helicase=unwinds DNA
Primase=adds RNA primer to template strand, initiates process
DNA Polymerase= binds nucleotides to form new strands
Ligase=joins Okazaki fragments and seals other nicks in sugar-phosphate backbone (connects the strands together)