exam 4 #2
Terms
undefined, object
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- Latency
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5-6 yrs to puberty
Sexual Calm
Focused on same sex friends but not in a sexual way - Gential
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Puberty to adulthood
Gentials
Achieveing sexual intamcy in an adulthood relationship - Neo-Freudians
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Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney - Carl Jung
- 3 parts- ego, personal unconscious is unquie to each person. Collective unconscious is a shared (happy) to everyone.
- Alfred Adler
- Promoted indiviual inferiorority- all struggle to be strong, but we feel inferior
- Karen Horney
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No penis envy anxiety
Deals with ideal ways when we don't live up to the ideal way. - Emphasizes
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Individual differences
Hans
2 dimensions to personality - Self-Concept
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Set of perceptions and beliefes about yourself:
Nature
Personal qualities
Typical behavior
Act in accordance with our self perception - Conditional Positive Regard
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Child is loved only when they behave in a way that is exceptable for behavior
Most parents give this
Causes child to deny or distrote real feelings. - Unconditional Positive Regard
- Child's sense of being unconditionally loved even if mom or dad doesn't like their behavior.
- Fully-Functioning Person
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Flexible, evolving self-concept
Realistic (set goals)
Open to new experiences
Capable of Change - Process fo Self-Regulation
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1.Watch others
2. Observe consequences
3. Regulate behavior - Reciprocal Determinism
- Cognitive factors - behavioral factors - enviormental factors: These all go together.
- Cognitive Factors
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Bandura's Self-Efficacy
Rotter's Locus of Control - Bandura's Self-Efficacy
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Your belief in your ability to perfrom well.
High self-esteem -set high goals, and very cofident
Low self-esteem -set low goals with no challenge, and very low cofidence - Rotter's Locus of Control
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How people account for what happens in their lives.
Internal -see themsleves as in control of their lives
External -future is in the hands of fate. - Introversion - Extroversion
- Degree to which you direct your energies outward to others versus inward to self
- Intoversion
- Tend to be quiet and reserved
- Extroverted
- Tend to be social and outgoing
- Neuroticism - Emotional Stability
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Neuroticism
Emotional stability - Neuroticism
- Predisposition to become emotionaly upset
- Emotional stability
- Predisposition to be emotionally stabel
- The big Five
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Extraversion- outgoing vs. interverted
Neuroticism- stabel vs. upset
Conscientiousness- dependable vs. not dependable
Agreeableness- friendly vs. nonfriendly
Openness to experiences- open or not - Personality
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Nature vers nurture!
Both are very important.
Heredity can be a very large difference - Personality Assessments
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1. Observation, interviews, scales
2. Personality inventories
3. Projective tests - Observation, interviews, scales
- Based on first impressions
- Personality invetories
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The big five test.
They sometimes use this test when hiring new employees. - Projective tests
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Freud
Least active
asked to project intermost feelings - Social Psychology
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Studies how people:
Think
Feel
Behave in social situations - 2 basic areas
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Social Cognition
Social Influence - Social Cognition
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How people form impressions
How people interpret behavior
Behavior affected by attitudes - Social Influence
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Behavior is affected by:
Situational Factors (social)
Others - Person Perception
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Metal processes used to:
Form judgements of others
Draw conclusions - Basic Principles
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Treat others according to perception
Goals determine info collected
Evaluated people on expectations
Self-perception influences perception of others - Social Norms
- Expectations for appropriate behavior
- Implicit Personality Theory
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Assumptions about relationship among type of:
People
Traits
Behavior - Attribution
- Inferring causes of people's behavior
- Fundamental Attribution Error
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Tendency to attribute behavior of others to internal influences
Ignoring external influecnces - Blaming the Victim
- Innocent Victim is blamed
- Just-World Hypothesis
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The world is just, so victim must deserve fate
Prevents thinking that this could of easily happened to me. - Actor-Observer Discrepancy
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One's own behavior to external causes
Others behavior to internal causes. - Self-Serving Bias
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Tendency to attribute
Successful outcome of one's own behavior to internal causes
Unsuccessful outcomes to external causes - Cross-Cultural Psych
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Japanese and Chinese
Attribute academic failure to personal cause
Academic success to situational - Conformity
- Change in response to real or imagined group pressure
- Asch Study
- One person is the real person being tested and the rest are all confederates ( they are someone in relation with the tester). Asch wanted to see what the true particpant would say. Confederates were told to give wrong answer.
- The Results
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7% of subjects conformed at least once
Over all trials, 37% of responses were incorrect - Factors influencing Conformity
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An ally- one other person in group that agrees with you
Normative social influence- people can form cause they want to fit in
Informational social influence- people can form cause they don't want to be wrong - Obedience
- Performance of an action in response
- Milgram
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Started looking at obedience
Could a person be pressured into committing an immoral act? - Milgram's Study
- Teacher was the real person and they had to give a shock to the student (confederate) when they gave a wrong answer
- Results of Milgram's Study
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2/3 went full way
Nobody stopped before 300 volts
Repeated many times
NO gender differences - Explaining Results
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Well established framework to obey
Situation
Gradual, repetitive task
Experimenter's behavior
Physical and psychological separation - Underming obedience
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Buffer removed
Teacher determines punishment - Compliance
- Bending to the requests of one perosn who has little or no authority
- 2 techniques
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Foot-in-the-door effect
Door-in-the-face Technique - Foot-in-the-door Effect
- A person who has agreed to a small request is more likely later to agree to a larger demand
- Door-in-the-face Technique
- A person who has refused a major request will be more likely later on to comply with a smaller request
- Matching Hypothesis
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Select others who "match" us
Similar levels of attractions with money and status
Mismatch? -physical might not match but similarites even it out - Do opposites Attract
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Complementary
Similar is important - Important Qualities
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Mutual attraction
Dependable character, Reliable
Emotional Stability and maturity
Pleasing disposition - Sex Differences
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Men prefer... youth, beauty
Women perfer... financial resources and social status - Sternberg's Theory of Love
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Intimacy- feelings in a relationship that give bonding,closeness, and connection
Passion- physical attractiveness, sexual consumation
Commitment- committed to a relationship - 7 kinds of Love
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Liking - Intimacy
Infatuated - Passion
Empty - Commitment (arrange marraige)
Romantic - intamcy and passion
Fatuous - passion and commitment
Companionate - commitment and intimacy
Consummate - intamcy, commitment, passion