social Psych Chapter 3
Terms
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- priming
- activating particular associations in memory
- belief perseverance
- persistence of one's initial conceptions (basis for one's belief is discredited but explanation of why the belief might be true survives)
- misinformation effect
- incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it
- intuition
- knowing something without reasoning or analysis
- controlled processing
- "explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious
- automatic processing
- "implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness (like intuition)
- illusion
- perceptual misinterpretations, fantasies, constructed beliefs
- overconfidence phenomenon
- tendency to be more confident than correct; overestimate accuracy of one's beliefs
- confirmation bias
- tendency to search for information that confirms one's perceptions
- heuristics
- simple, efficient thinking strategies
- representativeness heuristic
- presume that someone or something belongs ot a particular group if resembling a typical member
- availability heuristic
- cognitive rule that judges likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory; if instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace
- counterfactual thinking
- imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but didn't
- illusory correlation
- perception of a relationship where non exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists
- illusion of control
- perception of uncontrolllable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are
- regression toward the average
- the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average
- misattribution
- mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source
- attribution theory
- theory of how people explain others' behavior
- dispositional attribution
- attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits
- situational attribution
- attributing behavior to the environment
- fundamental attribution error
- tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon other's behavior
- self awareness
- a self-conscious state which focuses on oneself; it makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions
- self-fulfilling prophecy
- a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
- behavioral confirmation
- type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to connfirm their expectations