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Terms
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- rostral
- toward the head
- caudal
- toward the tail
- dorsal
- twoard the backa
- ventral
- toward the stomach
- medial
- toward the midline (center)
- lateral
- toward the outside
- superior (=cephalic)
- toward the top
- inferior
- toward the lower structure
- superficial
- toward the surface
- deep
- toward the center
- proximal
- toward the trunk
- distal
- away from the trunk
- ipsilateral
- on the same side
- contralateral
- on the opposite side
- terms are____
- relative. if standing upside down then rostral is down
- sagittal divides the brain into
- right and left side
- mid-sagittal divides the brain into
- two symmetrical halves
- parasagittal is parallel to
- sagittal plane
- fronta (coronal) is parallel to
- the long axis of the body and perpendicular to the sagittal plane.
- frontal divides the brain into
- front and back part
- transerse (axial) is perpedicular to
- the long axis of hte body
- transverse separates the brain into
- uppper and lower parts.
- definition of peripheral nervous system
- any neuron or nerve cell process located outside the bony confines of the skull and vertebral column.
- what four things does the pns include
-
1. 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
2. 31 pairs of spinal nerves
3. dorsal root ganglia and peripheral branches
4. portions of the autonomic nervous system - what is the job of the cranial nerves
- sensing info and moving structure
- what is the job of the spinal nerves
- has to do with moving
- ganglia
- masses of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS (cf. basal ganglia)
- nerve
- a bundle of axons; a collection of nerve fibers. communicates info between the CNS and the outer body. called a tract in the CNS
- two divisions of the pns
-
1. somatic
2. visceral - somatic division
- carries information to/from muscles and skeletal framework
- visceral division (autonomic NS) 3 characteristics
-
1. carries info to/from the internal organs.
2. parasympathetic- controls normal function, naintains internal environment of body.
3. sympathetic NS- initiates unusual response in stressful situation.(getting nervous when called on) - what are the two types of fibers found in both divisions
-
1. afferent (sensory) carry information away from the given structure (usually toward the cns)
2. efferent (motor) carry impulses to the given structure (usually away from the CNS) - how many pairs of spinal nerves are found in the PNS
- 31 pairs
- three characteristics of cranial nerves of PNS
-
1. comes out from rostral (CN1) to caudal (CNXII) according to the order to enter
2. some carry both afferent and efferent fibers; other carry only effernt fibers.
3. innervates the head and neck area - CN 1
- olfactory -smell
- CN II
- Optic- visual
- CN III
- oculomotor- eye movenent
- CN IV
- trochlear -eye movement
- CN V
- trigeminal- sensory input to the face
- CN VI
- abducens- eye movement
- CN VII
- facial- muscles of facial expression
- CN VIII
- auditory vestibular- hearing/ balance
- CN IX
- glossopharyngeal- tongue/pharynx
- CN X
- vagus- respiration, heart rate, voice
- CN XI
- spinal accessory- neck muscle
- CN XII
- hypoglossal- motor to tongue
- in the spinal cord, where is gray matter found and where is white matter found? why would this be confusing
- gray matter in the center, white matter outside. confusing because this is opposite from what we learned about the cortex
- what is another name for tracts of the CNS
- funiculi
- what are tracts or funiculi? what color is the matter they are surrouded by
- myelinated fiber tracts- surrounded by a white fatty tissue which allows it to carry info very quickly
- what are the three divisions of the funiculi in the cns
-
1. posterior funiculi (posterior columns)
2. lateral funiculi
3. anterior funiculi - what are the two divisions of the gray matter in the spinal cord
-
1. dorsal (posterior) horns
2. ventral (anterior) horns - which of hte horns in the spinal cord deal with afferent fibers and which deal with efferent fibers
- afferent fibers come in through dorsal horns. efferent fibers go out of the ventral horns
- with sensory and motor information which of the two gets sent in and which gets sent out
- sensory info comes into-toward the brain. motor info goes out as a message from the brain-telling the body what to do
- what kind of info does the spinal cord send
- transmits sensory and motor info to/from the brain
- what is the spinal cord also involved with that the brain is not
- reflexes
- what is the spinal cord protected by
- vertebral column
- in the spinal cord, sensory neurons receive infor from
- sensory fibers
- in the spinal cord, motor neurons sent info to
- outside
- in the spinal cord interneurons do waht?
- interconnect other neurons
- what type of substance is found int he center of the spinal cord in the central gray area and what is the name for the central portion of the spinal cord
- fluid is found in the center of the spinal cord. the central portion of the spinal cord is called the central canal
- what is the name of the outer vesicle of the brain
- telencephalon
- describe the cerebral surface of the brain
- folded and convoluted
- what is a gyrus (gyri)
- ridge. holes in between the confoluted structures
- what is a sulcus (sulci)
- a groove b/t ridges
- what is a fissure
- a particularly deep sulcus
- what is the area of the brain when stretched
- brain is folded and convoluted to increase total cortical area to 2.5 ft squared when stretched
- list the four major sulci that divide each hemisphere into 5 lobes
-
1. central sulcus
2. lateral sulcus
3. parietooccipital sulcus
4. cingulate sulcus - what are two other names for the central sulcus and how does it divide the brain
-
1. sulcus of rolando
2. rolandic fissure
divides the brain into front and back lobes - what are two other names for the lateral sulcus?
-
1. fissure of sylvius
2. sylvian fissure - where does the parietooccipital sulcus run and can you see it from the outside
- runs more medially and it is hard to see from outside
- where does the cingulate sulcus run and can you see it from outside
- runs medially. cannnot see it from outside
- what are the four major lobes of the brain
-
1. frontal
2. parietal
3. temporal
4. occipital - what is the name for another lobe of the brain that is not necessarily one of the major ones
- limbic lobe
- the frontal lobe extends from the anterior tip of the brain to the ________ posteriorly
- central sulcus
- the f. lobe extends to the _____ inferiorly
- lateral sulcus
- f. lobe extends to the ___________ medially
- cingulate sulcus
- list the four major gyri of the f. lobe
-
1. precentral gyrus
2.3.4. superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri - where are the s.m.i frontal gyri positioned compared to the precentral gyrus
- roughly perpendicular to the precentral gyrus
- list the three pares of the inferior frontal gyrus and which one(s) are imp. for speech
-
1. orbital part
2. opercular part
3. triangular part
opercular and triangular are imp for speech - how is the precentral gyrus imp? what is it responsible for
- considered as the primary motor cortex. responsible for initiation of voluntary movement
- what is contained in the areas anterior to the primary motor cortex and what are they involved with
- contains the premotor and supplementary motor cortex. involved in the initiation of voluntary movements (including planning)
- what is the Broca's area and how is it imp
- the opercular and triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus of one hemisphere (usually the left). important in the production of written and spoken language
- what is the name of the remainder of the frontal lobe? and what is it responsible for
- prefrontal cortex is responsible for personality, insight and foresight
- the parietal lobe starts posterior to the _____ and runs to _______ inferiorly
- central sulcus, lateral sulcus
- the parietal lobe runs to the ____________ posteriorly
- poarietooccipital sulcus
- what are the 4 important structures of the parietal lobe
-
1. postcentral gyrus
2. postcentral sulcus
3. superior parietal lobule
4. inferior parietal lobule - what is the inferior parietal lobuel composed of
-
1. supramarginal gyrus
2. angular gyrus - what does the postcentral gyrus contain and what is it responsible for
- contains the primary somotosensory cortex. is responsible for initail cortical processing of tactile and proprioceptive information (sense of position)
- what is the name of the structure in the parietal lobe that is important for comprehension of langage
- inferior parietal lobule
- what is the remainder of the parietal lobe involved with
- involved with spatial orientation and perception
- the temporal lobe is superiorly bored by the _______ and inferiorly runs to the _________
- lateral sulcus, base of hte brain
- what are the six important structures of the temporal lobe
- superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri and sulci
- what is the primary auditory cortex
- small area in the superior temporal gyrus
- what is another name for the superior temporal gyrus
- heschl's gyrus
- what is Wernicke's and what is it responsible for
- the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus of one hemisphere (ususally the left). comprehension of language
- the occipital lobe occupies the _____portion of the brain
- posterior
- three important structures of the occipital lobe
-
1. calcarine sulcus
2. cuneus
3. lingual gyrus - what is the primary visual cortex
- contained in the walls of the calcarine sulcus
- what is the reaminder of the lobe and what is it involved with
- visual association cortex is involved in higher order processing of visual information.
- where is the limbic lobe found
- medially
- what two gyri is the limbic lobe mostly composed of
- the cingulate and parahippocampal gyri
- what are two other structures that are part of the limbic system but not part of the limbic lobe
-
1. uncus
2. hippocampus - what is hippocampus involved with
- memory
- what is the limbic system imp for
- imp in emotional responses, drive- related behavior, learning, and memory
- which nervous system is the basal ganglia found
- cns
- what is the basal ganglia imp for
- motor activity
- what is the basal ganglia
- a group of nuclei that form part of each hemisphere
- list the three main components
-
-caudate nucleus
-Lenticular nucleus (composed of)
-globus Pallidus
-putamen - basal ganglia is separtated fromthe _______ by the _______
- thalamus, internal capsule
- what is the diencephalon often refered to as? what percentage of the brain is the diencephalon
- in between brain. 2% of human brain
- what are the 4 structures of the diencephalon
-
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. epithalamus
4. Subthalamus - what is the thalamus
- a mass of nuclei
- how many thalamus are in the brain
- 1 in each hemisphere
- what is the thalamus connected by
- connected by massa intermedia (not present in all brains)
- the thalamus is connected to the ______ via _______
- third ventricle, stria medullaris
- functionally, the thalamus acts as a
- major relay station
- no sensory information with the exception of olfactory information reaches the _______ with out processing in the________
- cerebral cortex, thalamic nuclei
- where is the hypothalamus related to the thalamus
- sits below the thalamus
- functionally the hypothalamus is
- important in the regulation of emotions, and vital functions such as hunger, thirst.
- the hypothalamus also regulates the
- autonomic nervous system (the major visceral control center of the brain)
- what is the midline structure of the epithalamus
- pineal gland
- what is the epithalamus functionally thought to be responsible for
- regulating circadian rhythms. (daily cycle of activities)
- the subthalamus is functionally invoved in the
- motor loops mediated by the thalamus connecting to the basal ganglia
- the brainstem includes three things
-
1. midbrain
2. pons
3. medulla - what two structures are imp in the midbrain
-
1. tectum
2. cranial nerves III & IV emerge from teh midbrain - where is the tectum located and what does it split into
-
on the dorsal poart of the midbrain.
1. superior colliculus
2. inferior colliculus - what ist he superior colliculus and inferior colliculus
-
sup. concerned with vision
inf. concerned with hearing - which cranial nerves emerge from the midbrain
- III and IV
- pons links the ______ with the ______ through ________(white matter)
- brainstem, cerebellum, peduncles
- which cranial nerves emerge from the pons
- V, VI, VII, VIII
- what is the medulla made up of
- ascending and descending fiber tracts
- pyramidal decussations crossing of hte pyramidal tract
- primary pathway for voluntary motor control
- what cranial nerves emerge from the medulla
- IX X XI XII
- What are the main structures of hte cerebellum
-
1. vermis
2. thwo lateral hemispheres
3. divided into three lobes - what is the vermis
- midline structure
- what are the three lobes
-
1. flocculonodular lobe
2. anterior lobe:anterior to the primary fissure
3. posterior lobe - function of hte cerebellum
- coordination of movement
- what type of fibers does the cerebellum have
- both afferent and efferent
- homunculus
- somatotopic mapping in somatosensory and motor cortex