Anatomy Test 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Dynamic Reciprocity
- interaction between cell and its environment
- Basal membrane
- basal lamina
- Basal surface is
- towards body fluids
- Apical surface is
- towards the external surface away from fluids
- The foundation of cells sits where
- basement membrane
-
Epithelia cells are ___________
and have little____________-- -
tightly packed
extracellular matrix -
Basal surface
Apical
mucosal or serosal -
basal- serosal
apical- mucosal - Anchoring junctions
- provide support
- Desmosome has what kind of connection?
-
- creates spot weld
- strong connection - What are the fibers of the desmosome?
- intermediate filaments ( keratin)
- What role does the hemedesmosome play?
- anchors cell to basement membrane
- Where does an adherens junction occur
- near apical surface
- What is an adherens junction consist of?
-
microfilaments
moderately strong connection between cells - A tight junction is like a _____________ that doesnt let ________ or _____________ cross
- ziplock bag phospholipids and proteins
- What facilitates the difference between the Apical and basal membranes?
- tight junction
- What is a gap junction?
- a very narrow gap that allows exchange
- What are some epithelial characteristics?
-
friction at surfaces
greatest rate of mitosis
no blood vessels
get nutrients from connective tissue -
Squamous-
Cuboidal
columnar -
flattened
cube shaped
columnar -
Layers of cells
simple
stratified -
one layer
>1 - What kind of exchanges take place over the simple squamous?
-
blood to tissue
exchange of gases - What kind of exchanges take place through simple cuboidal
- reabsorption and secretion in the kidneys
-
Columnar are found in the -------
and are responsible for -
reabsorption and secretion
- USUALLY SINGLE ROW OF NUCLEI - In ciliated epithelia fluid______________
- moves over the cell
- Where are ciliated epithelial found?
- uterine tubes
- IN the respiratory system ciliated epithelial_____________________-
- moves mucous out into the throat
- Exocrine glands are responsible for
- secretion from apical surface to cells
- Endocrine is the secretion___________
-
across basolateral surfaces
ex. hormones - Secretory vesicles
- merocrine secretions
- The Goblet cell is a
- unicellular gland specialized for secretion of mucus
- T or F Some glands are multicellular
- TRUE
- Cancer has a _________ nature
- clonal
- Carcinoma causes cancer of the
- epithelial origin
- Sarcoma causes
- cancer of the connective tissue at the mesenchymal origin
- Connective tissue is
- collagen fibers in the EM that connect body tissues
- What are the major cell types of the CTP and what are they?
-
fibroblast-collagen fibers
Adipocytes-fat cells
macrophages-eaters - What are the majore fiber types of the CTP
-
collagen
elastic
reticular-specialized type of collagen - Characteristics of Areolar Connective tissues
-
- loose components
loss of elastic fibers causes wrinkles
uv damage - Reticular fibers are and make up what
- thin narrow collagen fibers that make up LN, spleen, liver, etc.
- Dense Regular CT is made up of
- collagen fibers arranged parallel to each other and densely packed
- Dense irregular CT
- collagen fibers tightly packed but arranged perpendicular to each other in two dimensions
- Elastic connective tissue is made up of Abundant elastic fibers
-
give skin its stretchiness
store energy from contracting heart - The matrix of cartilage is
- semisolid
- The major cell type of cartilage is the
- chondrocyte
- Fibrocartilage is made up of
- collagen
- Where would cartilage be found in general?
- high pressure areas
-
The bone is a __________ whose major fiber type is cartilage
Bone cells are called -
solid matrix
osteocytes - The definition of bone is
- osteocytes in a solid matrix of collagen fibers and calcium salts
-
Skin separates the self from non-self
What does the skin include? - glands, hair, and nails
- The 3 major functions of the skin Integumentary system are
-
1. protection
2. body temp regulation
3. sensory perception - The skin has 3 layers
-
Epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous layer - What are each three made up of?
-
Epidermis- SS epithelium
dermis- dense irregular connective tissue
Subcutaneous layer- hypodermis - How are cells connected?
- desmosomes
- What is keratinization
- The movement from stratum basale to upper dead layer (differentiation
- The most important thing for replenishing the skin is? Why?
-
Hemidesmosomes
- cells must remain attached to membrane to continue dividing - Stratum spinosum is
-
- pt. of strongest connection
- thickest layer of living cells
- - stratum granulosum is important bc
- - waterproofing lipids are secreted here
- The stratum granulosum involves __________ of the cytoskeleton
- crosslinking
- The nail root area is located
- underneath the epidermal layer
- Insted of stratum coneum the nail is made. This is a different type of
- keratinization
- The visible part of the nail is mad eup of
- dead cells
- What is sebum
- moisturizer secreted by the hair follicle
- What is a hair follicle?
- invagination where basal membrane extends down to dermis
- The hair is made up of what?
- cytoskeletons of cells that underwent differentiation in the matrix
- sudor =
- sweat
- Eccrine sweat glands function is
- evaporative cooling
- Apocrine sweat glands function is
-
carrying odor= drains into hair follicle
= evaporative cooling with odor
- found in pits and pubic areas - melanocytes are located
- in the stratum basale
- Melanin is responsible for (2)
-
1.dark color of skin
absorb UV light - UV light generates
- Vitamin D
-
Some muscles attach into the ______
an example being -
dermis
skeletal muscles of facial expression - Hypodermis is made up of
- adipose tissue and loose connective tissue
- Epidermal ridges aka
-
finger prints
- give friction for better grip - The body can be divided into two regions when studying temp regulation
-
core
shell - The core is made up of? which are
-
organs
highly regulated - The shell is made up of ? which are?
-
skin and limbs
not highly regulated -
IN a cold environment
core
shell -
core- heat conserved for the core
shell- allowed to be cold - In a warm environment
- excess heat leaves the body via the shell
- Heat is a
- molecular motion
- Conductance factor- how easy it is for heat to pass through
- 1/insulation
- What are the two mechanisms of heat transfer?
- radiation and conduction
- Which accounts for most of the heat loss in the body
- radiation
- What is the main way of receiving heat if outside in the sun?
- radiation
- Conduction is
- heat transfer by direct contact
- Conductors have while insulators have
-
high conductance
low conductance - Convection is
- increase in conduction due to movement of a liquid or gas
- Evaporation is another mechanism of heat transfer. what does it do?
- cools body by removing heat from body to environment
- What layer of the skin acts as an insulator
- the adipose tissue of the dermis
- Blood flow into the skin is
- highly regulated
- The more blood u have the more
- radiation, convection, conduction
- The main role of skin is to be a
- radiator and conductor
- What is the most important receptor? location?control center?
-
hypothalamus
in brain above pituitary gland
Blood goes through brain- temp detected
info relayed to control center - What is shivering?
- human muscles contracting in a repetitive cycle
-
what is the purpose of Thyroxin release?
What is the purpose in activating brown fat? -
- increases metabolic processes
-mitochondria generate heat instead of ATP - Decrease body temp
- heat los-> vasoconstriction- decrease activity decrease fuel intake
- Behavioral Control- example
- seek shade affects radiation- reduces sun
-
Local contral exists where?
What is the purpose of local control? -
organs
protection - What is the cause of a fever?
- increase in set pt.
- What is the purpose of a fever?
- inhibits bacterial growth or speeds up immune system
- IS the hypothalamus still working in a fever?
- Yes but the set pt. is increased
- How does open heart surgery take advantage of the state of hypothermia?
- It lowers the metabolic rate therefore lowering the amount of oxygen needed
- What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system
-
support
movement
protection
Ca and P storage
hemopoiesis -
Where is the site for blood cell formation?
What provides rigidity to the bone? -
Bone Marrow
Ca and P -
Osseous Tissue is Bone Tissue
def - cells scattered in a matrix of collagen fibers and calcium/phosphate salts
- What is responsible for reinforcing the bone and adding flexibility
- collagen
- What does an osteoblast develop from?
- stem cell first off then that differentiates into a Osteogenic cell then to and osteoblast thet to an osteocyte
-
Give the function of the following
osteoclast
osteoblast
osteocyte -
forms bone tissue
bone destroying cell
maintains bone tissue - WHere are blood vessels located and what are there purpose?
- IN the middle of the osteon- keep osteocytes alive
- IN the lacuna Canaliculi are found= what do they do?
- they are small channels that run through the bone matrix and allow diffusion (communication w/ osteocytes)
-
Compact bone:
Spongy bone:
Lamella: -
bone appears to be solid, densely packed
boney network with spaces in between e.g-trabeculae
- layer within compact bone organized into circular structure- is an OSTEON - What is the basic unit of compact bone
- osteon
- What is the periosteum?
- connective tissue covering that surrounds the bone
- What is the place where tendons fuse w/ bone
- dense connnective tissue
- What does intramembraneous ossification lead to?
- development of bone from msenchyme or CTP
- What is endochondral ossification?
- development of bone from hyaline cartilage
- What does intramembranous ossification develop
-
flatter bones (skull)
knee cap - What is the central portion of thelong bone?ends?
-
diaphysis
epiphysis - What is the epiphyseal plate?
- line of cartilage separating epiphysis from diaphysis
- Where is yellow bone marrow stored?
- medullary cavity
- The epiphyses are are separated from the shaft by what?
- epiphysial plate
- How does the bone increase in length?
- as the plate lays down new bone on the end of the shaft
- When does growth stop?
- when the epiphyses unites with the shaft. not when epiphysial line is made
- What happens in osteoporosis?
-
net loss of bone
bone becomes porous
holes made by osteoclasts
more likely to fracture -
Rickets and bone fracture- Osteomalacia
What happens to osteoblastic activity? - it is normal
- What is the cause of osteomalacia?
- lack of precipitation of Ca and P salts
- There are two types of skull bones name them
- cranial and facial
- What is the part of the skull that allows for rapid growth in babies?
- fontanels
- The coronal suture separates what?
- frontal from parietal
- Sagittal suture
- separates left and right parietal bones
- What b=part of the skull allows for brain and spinal cord attachment
- foramen magnum
- Which skull bones allow olfactory nerves to pass into the cranial cavity?
- ethmoid bones
- Which bone is associated with hearing?
- temporal