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PY101 CH.1-2

Terms

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was based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related.
Structionalism



the careful, systematic self-observation of one’s own conscious experience.
introspection
based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure.
functionalism
heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be “selected” over time.
natural selection
contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of con- scious awareness but that nonetheless exert great infl uence on behavior.
unconscious
theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determi- nants of behavior.

psychoanalytic theory
a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientifi c psychology should study only observable behavior.
behaviorism
refers to any overt (observable) re- sponse or activity by an organism.
behavior
a theo- retical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.
humanism
the branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems.
applied psychology
the branch of psychol- ogy concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.
clinical psychology
refers to the mental processes in- volved in acquiring knowledge.
cognition
—the tendency to view one’s own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways
ethnocentrism
examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations.
evolutionary psychology
uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfi lling aspects of human existence.
positive psychology
Encompasses the traditional core of topics that psychology focused on heavily in its fi rst half-century as a science: sensation, perception, learning, conditioning, motivation, and emotion. The name experimental psychology is somewhat misleading, as thi
experimental psychology
focuses on “higher” mental processes, such as memory, reasoning, information processing, language, problem solving, decision making, and creativity.
cognitive psychology
Is concerned with the measurement of behavior and capacities, usually through the development of psy- chological tests. Psychometrics is involved with the design of tests to assess personality, intelligence, and a wide range of abilities. It is also conc
psychometrics
Is interested in describing and understanding individuals’ consistency in behavior, which represents their personality. This area of interest is also concerned with the factors that shape personality and with person- ality assessment.
personality
concerned with the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of individuals with psy- chological disorders, as well as treatment of less severe behavioral and emotional problems. Principal activ- ities include interviewing clients, psychological testing, and
clinical psychology
overlaps with clinical psychology in that specialists in both areas engage in similar activities—interviewing, testing, and providing therapy. However, counseling psychologists usually work with a somewhat diff erent clientele, providing assistance to
counseling psychology

Psychologists in this area perform a wide variety of tasks in the world of business and industry. These tasks include running human resources departments, working to improve staשּׁ morale and attitudes, striving to increase job satisfaction and produ
industrial and organizational psychology
strive to promote the cognitive, emotional, and social development of children in schools. They usually work in elementary or secondary schools, where they test and counsel children hav- ing di﬒ culties in school and aid parents and teachers in solving
school psychology
involved in the assessment and treatment of people who suשּׁ er from cen- tral nervous system dysfunctions due to head trauma, dementia, stroke, seizure disorders, and so forth
clinical neuropsychology
apply psychological principles to issues arising in the legal system, such as child custody decisions, hearings on competency to stand trial, violence risk assessments, involuntary commit- ment proceedings, and so forth.

forensic psychology
a branch of medicine concerned with the di- agnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.
psychiatry
a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of obser- vations.
theory

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