COM 123 Final
Terms
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- Variety of diversity among audience members; dissimilarity
- heterogeneity
- buzzwords or phrases that are devoid of specific content
- platitudes
- assuming that all members of a demographic category are alike in all respects
- stereotyping
- subjective factors that characterize a particular audience and make its situation distinct
- audience culture
- personal gain or loss resulting from an action of policy
- self-interest
- what an individual regards as interesting or important
- personal interests
- statements that listeners regard as true
- beliefs
- positive or negative judgements that listeners apply to a person , place, object, event, or idea
- values
- talking down to an audience; assuming that listeners are not capable of thinking about a subject and reaching their own conclusions
- condescending
- facts that are commonly known among the members of a culture, common knowledge.
- cultural facts
- brief references to something with which the audience is assumed to be familiar
- allusions
- socially assigned positions such as "parent," "student," "employee," and "citizen"
- roles
- groups with which listeners identify, regardless of whether they belong to them.
- reference groups
- a tendency to expose oneself to messages that are important personally and that are consistent with what one already believes
- selective exposure
- conscious or unconscious choice about whether or not to focus intently on a speech, absorb and process its contents, and take it seriously
- selective attention
- the interpretation or understanding given to a speech; the meaning it has for a listener
- perception
- listeners who share the characteristics of people in general
- general public
- subject-matter areas with distinct norms or assumptions
- fields
- an imaginary audience made up of all reasonable people
- universal audience
- saying whatever will please an audience even if it is not what the speaker really believes
- pandering
- the process of looking for and discovering supporting materials for the speech
- research
- exploration of a speech topic to determine which subordinate topics must be covered
- analysis
- the beliefs and values that members of a society or cultures generally share
- common knowledge
- the assumption that a statement or claim is true until shown otherwise
- presumption
- primary sources that can establish a claim directly, without opinion or speculation
- documents
- numbers recording the extent of something or the frequency with which it occurs
- statistics
- information or an opinion expressed by someone other than the speaker, cited to support some claim
- testimony
- a question with a finite number of choices from which the respondent must pick
- closed question
- a question that does not restrict the range of possible responses
- open-ended question
- a question that explores the implications of a previous response
- follow up question
- using someone else's words or ideas as though they were your own
- plagiarism
- a file of clippings, quotations, ideas, and other gleanings on a variety of subjects that may be used as supporting materials
- speech material file
- proof established through interaction between the speaker and the listeners; provides support for a conclusion but not assurance that it is true
- rhetorical proof
- would be inferred by most people when exercising their critical judgement
- reasonable
- a statement that a speaker asks listeners to accept and that the speaker tries to prove
- claim
- a mental leap from the supporting material to the claim
- inference
- specific instances used to illustrate a more general claim
- examples
- typical of the larger category from which a case is selected
- representative
- an inference that appears to be sound but that, on inspection contains a significant flaw
- fallacy
- assuming that what is true of the part is automatically true of the whole
- fallacy of composition
- a comparison of people, places, things, events, or more abstracts relationship
- analogy
- a direct comparison of objects, people, or events
- literal analogy
- a comparison of the relationships between objects, people, or events
- figurative analogy
- something that stands for something else
- sign
- regarding something that can be observed as a sign of something that cannot
- physical observation(as a sign)
- a statistical measure that is taken as a sign of an abstraction
- statistical index (as a sign)
- a sign relationship that results from norm or social convention
- institutional regularity (as a sign)
- a pattern of inference that suggests that one factor brings about another
- causal inference
- assuming that one thing causes another when in fact a third factor really is the cause of both
- common cause fallacy
- assuming that, because one event occurred before another, the first is necessarily the cause of the second
- post hoc fallacy
- testimony from a person who is generally recognized as an authority on a particular subject
- expert testimony
- testimony from a person who is not an expert
- lay testimony
- to offer judgements, without providing any basis for them
- pontificate
- the quality of striking a responsive chord with listeners, causing them to identify with what one is saying
- resonance
- a claim that, on its face, is unrelated to the supporting material
- non sequitur
- only restating the claim in slightly different words, rather than supporting the claim
- circular argument
- making an inference tha diverts attention from the issue at hand
- ignoring the question
- having multiple messages
- equivocal
- a display of the organational pattern of the speech
- outline
- a detailed outline, usually written in complete sentences, used to develop a clear organizational structure during preperation of the speech
- preperation outline
- a brief outline, usually containing only key words, used as a memory aid during delivery
- presentation (speaking) outline
- designating the supporting materials for a main idea with the subordinate symbol and indentation system in an outline
- subordination
- designating all ideas that are on teh same level of importance with the same symbol series and level of indentation in an outline
- coordination
- the pattern of choices attributed to a person by others to characterize or to distinguish him or her
- style
- an individual pattern of stylistic choices that characterizes a particular person
- signature
- a pattern of stylistic choices that characterizes a group with which a person identifies
- type
- making self-reference to the speaker or situatoin
- reflexive
- unintentional but possibly meaningful confusion of words and usages
- malapropism
- the process of giving meaning to a word
- definition
- explaining what a term means by identifying specific operations to be performed
- operational definition
- the referent for a given word
- denotation
- the feelings or emotional responses associated with a given word
- connotation
- a shift in connotation applied to the same denotation or a shift in denotation applied to the same connotation
- persuasive definition
- a consise statement of a principle, often in the form of a proverb, also called an aphorism
- maxim
- specialized or technical terms within a given field of knowledge
- jargon
- a term that may or may not be widely used in ordinary conversation but that has a specific meaning within a particular field of knowledge
- technical term
- efficiency in the use of words, avoidance of unnecessary words
- word economy
- a word pattern that focuses on who did what and prominently features the agent
- active voice
- a word pattern that focuses on what was done and largely ignores the agent
- passive voice
- saying or writing the opposite of what is meant
- irony
- capable of being interpreted with more than one meaning
- ambiguous
- a word, phrase, or thing that harmoniously acommodates diverse ideas or references within a single positive or negative connotation
- condensation symbol
- speaking simultaneously with different voices or on differnet levels of denotative meaning but with similar connotations
- multivocal
- the sense of movement or pacing within a speech
- rhythm
- a pattern in which the audience responds to a speaker's questions or prompts, often with a repetitive refrain
- call and response
- the pairing of opposites within a speech, often to suggest a choice between them
- antithesis
- graphic, easy to picture. a speech is vivid if its language enables listeners to develop mental pictures of what is being said
- vivid
- a cumulation of details that suggest a mental picture of a situation , person, or event
- description
- an explicit statement that one thing is like another
- simile
- naming one thing in terms of another; discussing one thing as though it were another
- metaphor
- repetitive consonant sounds
- alliteration
- use of sounds that resemble what they describe
- onomatopoeia
- discussion of abstract or complex ideas in human terms
- personification
- reproducing a conversation within a speech
- dialogue
- a question for which no answer is expected; it is asked to get listeners thinking so that they quickly recognize the obvious answer
- rhetorical question
- a memorable phrase that is recalled from a speech and used to identify the speech
- sound bite
- the presentation of the speech, using the voice and body to create the desired effect
- delivery
- feeling what listeners feel and knowing what they think
- empathy
- loudness of voice
- volume
- placement of the voice on the musical scale, ranging from high to low
- pitch
- a very narrow, unchanging pitch range
- monotone
- the speed at which a person speaks, measured in words per minute
- rate
- periods of brief silence within a speech
- pauses
- pauses filled with sound such as "uh" or "uhmm" or "fuckshitdamnsuck"
- vocalized pauses
- precision and clarity in the production of individual vocal sounds
- articulation
- precision and distinctness in sounding words
- enunciation
- sounding of a word in an accepted way
- pronunciation
- a pronunciation pattern that characterizes a particular geographic area, economic or social class, or cultural factors
- dialect
- pronunciation pattern for a sentence as a whole
- inflection
- movement of hands and arms during the speech as a means of emphasis
- gesture
- the first step of a gesture, involves bringing the hands into a position from which the gesture can be made
- anticipation step
- the execution of a gesture, raising the hand and moving it in the intended manner
- implementation step
- returning the hands to a normal relaxed position at the conclusion of a gesture
- relaxation step
- looking directly at members of the audience
- eye contact
- a mode of presentation in which the speaker has done little or no specific preperation for the speech
- impromptu presentation
- the opposite of speaking impromptu; the speaker pays close attention to a prepared text and commits it to memory
- memorized presentation
- a mode of presentation in which the speaker reads aloud the prepared text of the speech
- manuscript presentation
- a mode of presentation in which the speech is planned and structured carefully but a specific text is not written in advance nor memorized
- extemporaneous presentation
- brief periods of practice spread over time
- distributed practice
- a few lengthy practice sessions shortly before delivering the speech
- massed practice
- approaches tp preparing a speech in which the overall goal is to share ideas with an audience
- informative strategies
- creating awareness about a subject that listeners did not know about or think about before
- agenda setting
- a strategy to clarify a term or concept that is vague or troublesome , or to introduce a new way of viewing the subject
- definition
- a strategy to relate what happened with little analysis or interpretation
- reporting
- a strategy in which a cumulation of details characterizes, or evokes a mental image of, the subject
- description
- a curve that displays the rate at which something learned is forgotten over time
- forgetting curve
- a response by a speaker that rewards the listener to strengthen the listener's posiitive attitude toward the speech
- reinforcement
- an audience that is strongly commited in opposition to the views of the speaker
- hostile audience
- abandoning one belief or value and replacing it with another
- conversion
- within a larger audience, those individuals whom a speaker especially wants to address, usually people whose response will determine whether the speech succeeds
- target audience
- the incentive to do something that requires effort, such as considering a persuasive message
- motivation
- the refusal to accept the claim in a message no matter how strong its justiciation is
- denial
- disregarding a message (even if it is generally true) beacuse one disputes that it applies to oneself
- dismissal
- keeping two conflicting beliefs seperated so that one need not be conscious of the conflict between them
- compartmentalization
- capable of being understood in more than one way
- polysemic
- the opposite effect from that which a speaker intends
- boomerang effect
- making people aware of values and commitments that they previously took for granted
- consciousness raising
- a predicition that comes true because of actions that people take upon hearing the prediction
- self-fulfilling prophecy
- the attack or defense of a challenged statement or claim
- refutation
- statements that are not in the speaker's self-interest
- reluctant testimony
- statements that are suspect because they are influenced by the self-interest of the source
- biased evidence
- establishing commons bonds between speaker and audience so that the speaker appears to be at one with listeners
- identification
- a persuasive message that is organized in terms of steps in the audience's motivation rather than in terms of the specific subject
- motivated sequence
- fittingness or appropriatness to the occasion
- decorum
- speaking in a court of law, concerned with establishing justice
- forensic speaking
- speaking in a decision-making assembly, concerned with matters of expediency; addresses the question "what shall we do?"
- deliberative speaking
- a group presentation in which a subject is organized topically and each speaker addresses a limited portion of the subject
- symposium
- the tendency for groups to approve more extreme solutions than would an individual because no one is personally responsible for the group's decision
- groupthink
- the presiding officer of a meeting
- chair
- rules for the conduct of public meetings
- parliamentary procedure
- a statement proposing what an assembly should do
- motion
- a question that presupposed a value judgement adverse to the speaker
- loaded question
- identifying two unacceptable options and assuming that htey are only alternatives
- false dilemma
- ceremonial
- epideictic
- speaking at ceremonial occasions; it reaffirms a community's common bonds and values, strengthening ties between individuals and the group
- ceremonial speaking
- conscious awarness, salience
- presense
- articulating the unexpressed feelings of the listeners, who then conclude that the speaker's message rings true with them
- resonance
- a speech honoring a person
- testimonial
- a special form of the testimonial speech, honoring someone who has died
- eulogy
- a brief testimonial speech, usually delieverd in the presense of the person honred and accompained by raising a glass in the persons hand
- toast
- a speech of tribue that both honors and pokes fun at a person
- roast
- a speech marking the issuance of an award
- presentation speech
- a speech presented when one receives an award or a nomination for office
- speech of acceptance
- a speech that is intended to motivate a group and inspire enthusiasm for a task
- pep talk
- a speech presented following a ceremonial meal, usually humorous in tone but which a serious message
- after-dinner speech
- When the speech reviews the thesis in conclusion ?
- Review
- Part of intro can be combined with significant statement
- Review
- Section that clarifies your thesis.
- Body.
- to Persuade, Entertain etc
- Purposes of speaking
- To Read from a Script
- Main Script
- First to analyze modes of Persuasion.
- Aristotle
- Praising well is important affects your ...
- Ethos
- Art of Framing an argument ?
- rhetoric
- SEMR
- Berlo
- Elements of a case
- Pathos
- An Audience comprised of individuals that attend an event because of a personal interest in the speech or speaker.
- Voluntary Audience
- Quantifiable Characteristics or factors of a particular audience
- Demographics
- Using Audience info in unethical way by using demographic information about the audience to make overt and exploitative appeals to them based on that information
- Pandering.
- The use of the voice and the body to supplement the communication of one's :
- Delivery
- The Ability to form and defend independent judgements rather than accepting or rejecting messages without thought based on bias or ignorance
- Critical Thinking
- US Government began operating under Constitution after it was ratified in :
- 1788
- A collection of the 10 original amendments to the Constitution designed to temper the power of federal government.
- The Bill of Rights
- The Document stating that "Congress shall make no law " respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; abridging the freedom of speech. or of the press etc
- The First Amendment
- The Slogan of Free Speech Movement" A free university in a free society " came from the protests that occurred in the 1960's at
- University of California at Berkley
- 1.In 1989, The U.S. Supreme Court declared that flag burning constituted a:
- speech act
- 1.Your COM 123 performance lab members were a :
- Captive Audience
- 1.An outline that is fully developed and written out.
- Preparation
- 1.The Greek word for communication apprehension or fear of public speaking:
- Glossaphobia
- 1.Speaking competently and conversationally with limited preparation and limited notes is referred to as the _____________ presentation mode.
- Extemporaneous
- 1.A pattern of organization used when examining the similarities and differences of two concepts in a speech.
- Compare/ Contrast
- 1.Cindy began her speech by saying, “Today, it is 400% more expensive to go to college in the United States than it was just 30 years ago.â€
- statistic/Fact as an Attention Getting Deviating Fact
- 1.A person’s predisposition or learned evaluation, which causes someone to like or dislike a topic and can influence behavior.
- Attitude
- 1.A persuasive organizational pattern presents the following steps: Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, and Actions is the:
- Motivated Sequence
- 1.Speeches designed on basis of shared values to offer praise, commemoration, entertainment, or honor.
- Special Occasion
- The fittings or appropriateness of an occasion
- Decorum
- 1.A brief testimonial speech, accompanied by raising a glass in the person’s honor.
- A Toast
- 1.Personal experience, interviews or surveys and questionnaires that you may conduct in order to research your topic:
- Primary Research
- 1.An informative speech is one that explains, enlightens, and ____________.
- Teaches
- which of the 5 of the Rhetorical Cannons describes the generation of ideas?
- invention
- 1.The process of generating MANY ideas without censoring or editing within a limited amount of time.
- Brianstorming
- A graphical technique for visualizing connections between several ideas or pieces of information.
- mind mapping
- 1.A succinct statement of the central idea or claim made by speech.
- Thesis
- sing the passage of time with main points in order from past to present or present to past as a structure of speech organization:
- Chronilogical
- 1.The speech where the aim is to have the audience learn how to do something or how something works or operates.
- Demonstration
- emory devices used to help people remember important information by taking the first letter of a process or the main points and creating a word (ex: K.I.S.S.).
- Mnemonic acronyms
- 1.Providing statements that connection or bridge the main points in the speech:
- Transitions
- 1.The two elements that should be written out word for word in a presentation outline:
- Introduction and Conclusion
- 1.Mary began her speech by saying, “Imagine a world with no electricity.â€
- Rhetorical question
- 1.A symbolic process in which communicators try to convince other people to change their attitudes or behaviors regarding an issue through the transmission of a message in an atmosphere of free choice.
- Persuasion
- 1.A rhetorical term referring to an act or habit of misusing words ridiculously, especially confusing words that are similar in sound.
- malapropism