Poli Sci exam 2
Terms
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- Public opinion
- values, attitudes of people
- values
- a persons basic orientations to politics
- political ideology
- set of beliefs and values that form a general philosophy
- attitude
- specific opinion about a particular issue or event
- equality of opportunity
- assume all individuals be allowed to seek personal success
- political socialization
- learning underlying beliefs and values of political system
- agencies of socialization
- 1) families, 2) schools, help shape basic political beliefs
- liberal
- social reform, intervention in economy
- conservative
- large government is bad, military
- market place of ideas
- interplay of opinions and views with competition for peoples support
- opinion leaders
- those whom other citizens turn to for political info
- Agenda Setting
- power of media to bring public attention to issues
- framing
- power of media to influence how events are interpretted
- priming
- media coverage affects public perception
- momentum
- media prediction that particular candidate wil do better in the future
- Adversarial Journalism
- media adopting a hostile posture toward government
- public opinion polls
- scientific instruments for measuring public opinion
- sample
- small group selected to represent entire population
- probability sampling
- select representation where every individual has equal probability
- random digit dialing
- random calling, avoiding bias
- selection bias
- polling error, not representative of population
- measurement error
- failure to identify true distribution of opinion
- push polling
- polling technique where questions are designed to shape answers
- salient issues
- stand out issues
- bandwagon effect
- results or opinions actually change outcome
- suffrage (also called franchise)
- the right to vote
- turnout
- percentage of eligible voters who actually vote
- poll taxes
- rendered unconstitutional in 1966
- moter voter bill
- voters register by mail when renewing drivers license
- majority system
- type of system where candidate must win majority in relevant district
- plurality system
- just need to receive the most votes
- proportional representation
- awarded seats based on percentages
- gerrymandering
- appointment of voters in districts
- racial gerrymandering
- redrawing congressional boundry to eliminate majority
- benign gerrymandering
- attempts to redraw districts to represent only disadvantaged
- electoral college
- group of 'electors' who formally select president of the U.S.
- straight party vote
- practice of casting ballots for candidates only in one party
- australian ballot
- represents names for given office, (split ticket)
- split ticket
- casting ballots for at least two different political parties
- referendum
- practice of referring a measure proposed by legislature
- initiative
- allows citizens to propose new laws and submit them for approval
- recall
- procedure to allow voters opportunity to remove state officials
- partisan loyalty, issue concern, candidate
- 3 major issues at the polls
- prospective voting
- voting based on imagined future performance of candidate
- retrospective voting
- voting based on past performance of a candidate
- small direct mail contribution, large independant expenditures, candidate resources, political action committees, soft money
- 5 sources of candidate funds
- Political Action Committees
- private group that raises and distributes funds for use in election campaigns
- soft money
- money contributed directly to political parties for voter registration and organization
- 527 Committees
- nonprofit independant groups that receive and disburse funds
- pluralism
- madisonian principle that all interests are free to compete for influence
- interest groups
- organized around shared belief or mutual concern (like AMA or Bar association)
- membership association
- members actually play substantial role
- staff organization
- professional staff conducts most of groups activities
- social benefits
- selective benefits of group members (like networking)
- purposive benefits
- selective benefits that emphasize purpose of the group (like religious groups)
- collective goods
- benefits sought by groups that are broadly available, not denied to nonmembers (veterans benefits)
- free riders
- those who enjoy collective goods but didn't participate in aquisition
- expansion of role of gov. coming of age of 'new politics,' revival of grassroots conservatism
- 3 reasons for growth of interest groups
- New politics
- 1960s-1970s professionals, civil rights and anti war
- lobbying
- strategy to influence legislation (from sitting out in a lobby)
- iron triangle
- made up of: congressional committee, administrative agency, supportive group
- issue network
- loose network of elected leaders, public officials, activists
- filing suit directy, financing suits, file companion brief
- 3 ways interest groups use court system
- going public
- attempts to mobilize widest opinion
- grassroots lobbying
- mobilized membership to contact government individually
- astroturf lobbying
- negative term to describe group directed exaggerated lobbying