Psychology-Chapter 1 Text
Terms
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- What is the definition of psychology?
- Science of the behavior and mental processes
- What do we turn to when we try to make sense of the world around us?
- Folk wisdom
- Who was deceived by the reports of fairies?
- Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
- What is bias?
- Beliefs that interfere with objectivity
-
What law requires us to adopt the simplest explanation that requires the fewest assumptions of a
phenomena? - Law of parsimony
- What is the cornerstone of psychology?
- critical thinking
- What should you do BEFORE accepting a statement or claim?
- Consider the possibility of personal bias
- Other than considering bias, what should one also consider before accepting a claim?
- Evaluation of the person's authority making the claim
- Besides bias and evaluation of authority, what else may one consider?
- If the claim is based one scientific observation
- What conveys info about the middle of a distribution, or collection of numbers?
- Average
- What are findings that exceed chance occurence called?
- statistically significant
- What has to happen before a finding is found statistically significant?
- A statistical test must be performed
- What is a correlation
- association between two variables
- Does the fact that two events are correlated prove that one event caused the other?
- No, but knowing them helps to make predictions.
- Give the four guide lines that can be helpful to evaluate a claim.
-
1. What is it, and who is making it?
2.Based on scientific observations?
3.What do stats reveal?
4. Are there plausible alternative explanations for the statement or claim? - What do psychologists use?
- scientific method
- What is when info is used to develop explainations of different things observed?
- Theory
- What are predictions about future behaviors?
- Hypotheses
- What is an indepth analysis of a person and who made it popular?
- case study-Sigmeud Freud
- What is a major advantage of the case study?
- Allows researchers to gather a lot of info
- What is a major disadvantage of the case study?
- What is learned about one person may not apply to other people
- What is the goal of the case study?
- Info from one person is used to understand the behavior of others
- What is when a psychologist observes behaviors as they occur, without intervention or alteration?
- naturalistic observation
- What are observations that interfere with behavior being studied referred to?
- reactive
- A type of research where Knowing certain info that predicts the future is called what?
- correlational research
- What is info from a scatter plot summarized into a single number called and symoblized by?
- correlation coefficient or r
- What is the correlation coefficient's range?
- -1.00 to +1.00
- What does the number of the correlation coefficient show?
- The strength of the correlation. The higher the more associated.
- What does the sign of the correlation coeff tell?
- Tells the direction of the correlation.
- What is a + correlation?
- The values of one variable increase..head in the same direction.
- What does a - correlation mean?
- The values of the two variables travel in opposite directions.
- How can you have a better prediction with correlations?
- Make it larger
- Why are surveys used?
- Gather large amounts of info
- What is a representative sample?
- Sample of people that represents the entire population
- What can result in different views of the true state of affairs in a survey?
-
-nature of the survey
-way the project is conducted - What method allows researchers to manipulate certain variables or factor to determine how they affect other variables?
- experimental method
- What is a variable manipulated by a researcher to determine its effects on a dependent variable?
- independent variable
- What is a variable that shows the outcome of an experiment by revealing the effects of an independent variable?
- dependent variable
- What is the careful and precise definition that allows other researchers to repeat an experiment?
- operational definition
- What is the group in an experiment that receives the effect of the independent variable being manipulated?
- experimental group
- What is the comparison group in an experiment that does not receive the effect of the independent variable being manipulated?
- The control group
- In the BOBO doll study, who were the independent or dependent variables?
-
IND-observing an aggressive model or unagressive model
DEP-number of blows on the doll - Variables other than the independent variable, that can influence the outcome of an experiment.
- extraneous variable
- Give an example of an extraneous variable
- The group being boys assigned the the aggressive model
- Assignment of experimental participants of two or more groups on the basis of choice.
- random assignment
- What are procedures used ti summarize a set of numbers so that you can understand and talk about them more intelligibly? ex- grade on a test
- descriptive statistics
- What are procedures used to analyze data after an experiment is conducted to determine if an independent variable had any significant effect?
- inferential stats
- What are some things included in research ethics?
- confidentiality,protection from harm,voluntary participation,deception and intimidation
- What is the document that indicates that the participant knows the nature of the research and agreed to do?
- informed consent
- What must happen after a study that involves deception?
- a debriefing-
- Where can the origins of psychology be traced and what year?
- University of Leipzig in Germany 1879
- Who is credited with establishing the first psychology lab?
- Wundt
- What is the earliest approach in modern psychology with goal to analyze the basic elements of conscious experience?
- structuralism-Wundt
- What is the structural psychologists major method in which participants reported the contents of their conscious experience? Who did this?
- introspection-Titchener
- What is the study of higher mental processes, such as thinking,knowing,and deciding?
- cognitive psychology
- What is the approach to psychology that focuses on the purposes of conciousness?
- functionalism-W. James
- What is the approach to psychology that most noted for emphasizing that our perception of a whole is different from our perception of the individual stimuli?
- Gestalt
- Who described the visual illusion of apparent motion?
- Wertheimer
- What is the perspective that focuses on observable behavior and emphasizes the learned nature of behavior?
- behavioral perspective
- Who observed how organisms learn to associate events in their environments?
- Ivan Pavlov
- Who believed that psychology should be concerned not with the mind or conciousness but solely with observable behaviors?
- Watson
- Who is known as the greatest contemporary psychologist?
- Skinner
- Who thought that behavior changes resulted of its consequences?
- Skinner
- What view taken by Freud and followers suggested that normal and adnormal behaviors are determined primarily by unconscious forces?
- psychodynamic perspective-FREUD
- What treatment approach attempts to bring unconcious causes of distress to the concious level? Who?
- psychoanaltyic therapy-FREUD
- What is the approach to psychology that emphasized free will and individual's control of their own behavior?
- humanistic perspective
- Who is associated with the humanistic perspective?
- Maslow and Rogers
- What is the view of behaviors and mental processes that can be understood by studying the underlying physiology?
- physiological perspective
- What is the interest in the role of physiological structure or behavior plays in helping an organism adapt to its environment?
- evolutionary perspective
- Who discovered brain receptors for the neurotransmitters called endorphins and enkephalin?
- Pert
- What is the view that focuses on the study of how thought occurs, how our memories work, and how info is organized and stored?
- cognitive perspective
- Who was the first woman to be elected to president of the American Psychological ASsoc?
- Calkins
- Who was the researcher whom was declined a regular position because she was married?
- Ladd-Franklin
- Who was the first African American woman to receive a doctoral degree in educational psychology?
- Prosser
- Who was the first African American to receive a PHD in psyc?
- Sumner
- Who was the first AA to serve as president of APA?
- Clark
- What is the view that psychologists should be concerned with the interactions among human behavior, the pop and environ?
- enviro,pop,and conservation perspective
- What is an eclectic approach to psychology?
- View that combines several different approaches
- What is the specialty of psychology that involvves the diagnosis and treatment of psyco disorders?
- clinical psych
- Md with specialized training in the med treatment of mental and emotional disorders
- psychiatrist
- Specialty of psych that deals with less serious problems than those treated by clinical psychologists
- counseling psychology
- One who conducts and reports results of eperiments
- research psychologist
- The view that other cultures are an extension of one's own
- ethnocentrism
- What is a branch of psyology that seeks to determine if results are universal and can be applied to other cultures?
- cross cultural psychology
- What is physiological mechanisms of learning, behavior and memory called?
- biopsychology or neuropsycholohy
- What are theoretical and practical aspects of psychological testing and measurement?
- psychometrics
- What is a psychologist whose specialty encompasses diagnosing and treating learning disabilities and providing consultation on other problems of school age children?
- school psychologist
- What is a psychologist who applies psychology to problems of businesses and other organizations?
- industrial/organizational psychologist
- What is a specialty of psychology that studies consumers and choices they make?
- consumer psychology
- What is the subfield of psychology that is concerned with how psychological and social variables affect health and illness?
- health psychology
- What is a psychologist that applies psychology and law to legal proceedings?
- forensic psychologist
- What is a psychologist that provides services to athletes and coaches based on psychological principles?
- sport psychologist
- What is a psychologist trained in the diagnosis and rehab of brain disorders?
- neuropsychologist
- Who said "Those Who Forget History are Doomed to Repeat It?"
- Santayana
- What holds society together?
- obedience
- What kind of psychologist was Milgram?
- social psychologist
- Who had the idea of conformity?
- Solomon Asch
- How was behavior effected in Solomon Asch's conformity?
- -behavior was influenced by peers
- Name the three people involved in the Milgram experiment.
-
1-authority
2-stooge
3-the subject - What is a stooge?
- A confederate or someone that is IN on the experiment.
- What did psych professionals predict about people pulling the levers?
- less than 1% would do it
- What is the only time that people think they are not in control of themselves?
- in times of physical threat or force
- What was the conflict people were faced with during Milgram's experiment?
- hurting someone versus disobedience
- How many people went all of the way when the stooge was in a separate room?
- 65% went beyond to 450 volts
- When did the stooge issue no response?
- at 300 volts
- When the stooge added screaming during Milgram's experiment, how many people went on to 450 volts?
- 62,5% did
- When Milgram added proximity during his experiment, how many people went on to 450 volts?
- 40%
- How many people went on to 450 volts with a touch proximity?
- 30%
- Give 9 ways that teachers reduced the strain they were under during Milgram's experiment.
- Avoidance,denial,subterfuge,devalue the victim,physical onversions,agentic state,tuning,redefining the situation,loss of responsibility.
- What is the agentic state?
- When one sees themselves as an agent of someone else.
- During the RN-MD relationship study, what happened?
- A fake doctor called to deliver orders to give overdoses of astroten. They knew that the doctor was telling them that they were overdoses- and still went on their way to administer it. 20 were stopped on their way.
- What is My Lai?
- 19 year old ordered to kill babies-obedience to authority
- What is a PH D?
- a doctorate of philosophy in...
- Who used the method of introspection?
- Wundt
- What was William Wundt's goal?
- to analyze contents of consciousness
- What was Watson's definition of psychology?
- The study of observable and overt behavior
- What is overt behavior?
- Observable behavior-pacing,body language,etc.
- What is covert behavior?
- thinking, unobservable behavior
- What are conditional emotional reactions?
- phobias
- What was the experiment of Little Albert?
- Steel bar and hammer make noise at sight of white rat.-scared Albert- possible learned phobia-scared of animals
- Who did the study of human sexual behavior by hooking up individuals during sex?
- Masterson and Johnson
- Who was the first person to study human sexual behavior and how did they do it?
- Watson-had sex with Rosalie Rayner and hooked up to machines
- To be a clinical psychologist- what do you have to have?
- phD or PsyD
- How are clinical psychologists similar to psychiatrists?
- Can diagnose and treat mental disorders
- How are psychiatrists and clinical psychologists differnet?
- A psychiatrist is a medical doctor and does its residency in a psych hospital
- What type of drug has been administered to a schizophrenic patient who has a shuffle and gum rattling?
- Thorazine
- What is the type of medication that treats everything and has sexual side effects?
- prozac
- What is a medicine administered to people with anxiety that has drowsy side effects?
- Valium
- What two things can a psychiatrist do that a psychologist cannot?
- administer drug treatments and perform psychosurgery
- What is a frontal lobotomy?
- Cutting connections between front lobe and emotional parts of the brain
- What is ECT used for?
- depression
- What is the consolidation hypothesis?
- Biological process that lays down a memory interruption so there is no remembrance
- Why was EXT administered?
- for deep depression or suicidal patients for fast results
- What does a social psychologist do?
- studies group behaviors
- Name some things that a social psychologist may be interested in.
- obedience,conformity,aggression,interpersonal attraction
- What is bystander apathy?
- Tendency of people in groups to not help someone who is in trouble
- What does a industrial or organizational psychologist do?
- designs equipment,tests for employment,
- What kinds of things may a health psychologist be interested in?
- smoking reduction,weight control,hostility and heart disease
- Give some examples of a Type A person.
- impatience,quick,competitive
- What reduces type A behavior?
- humor
- What might a forensic psychologist be interested in?
- eval of prisoners,jury selection, eval witnesses on eyewitness testimonies
- What are implanted memories?
- Creation of things that never happened in memories
- WHAT IS THE OBJECTIVE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH?
- TO AVOID BIAS
- WHAT DID THE EXAMPLE OF DOYLE AND HOUDINI ILLUSTRATE?
- THE LAW OF PARSIMONY- HOUDINI EITHER DID MAGIC OR A TRICK- SWALLOWED THE KEY TO THE HANDCUFFS
- WHAT IS THE RESEARCH METHOD WHEN A BEHAVIOR IS OBSERVED WITHOUT INTERVENTION?
- NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
- WHAT DID THE TRIP TO MCDONALDS AND SEAT BELT EXPERIMENTS ILLUSTRATE?
- NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
- WHAT IS THE RESEARCH METHOD THAT INVOLVES AN IN DEPTH ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE INDIVIDUAL OR ANIMAL?
- CASE STUDY
- WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF TED BUNDY AND LITTLE ALBERT ILLUSTRATING?
- CASE STUDIES
- WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH CASE STUDIES?
- THEY MAY NOT GENERALIZE
- WHAT IS THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT?
- R
- WHO DID THE STUDY ON FLASH BULB MEMORY?
- KULIK AND BROWN
- WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE AND DESCRIPTION OF FLASH BULB MEMORY?
- JFK DEATH 911 - REMEMBER A SUDDEN PLACE AND TIME WHEN YOU HEARD SOMETHING WAS OCCURING
- WHAT IS THE ONLY RESEARCH METHOD THAT ADDRESSES CAUSE AND EFFECT?
- THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
- WHICH VARIABLE LEADS TO THE OTHER IN THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD?
- IV LEADS TO DV
- WHICH VARIABLE IS CHANGED AND MANIPULATED?
- THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
- WHICH VARIABLE IS THE OUTCOME OF THE EXPERIMENT?
- THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE
- SORT THESE WORDS INTO IVS AND DVS. WEIGHT, DIET, EXERCISE, COMMUTE TIME, HEART DISEASE, BLOOD PRESSURE
-
IV-DIET EXERCISE COMMUTE TIME
DV-WEIGHT,HEART DISEASE,BP - WHAT IS THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD A PART OF?
- THE CNS
- WHAT DOES THE SOMATIC PNS COVER FOR?
- SENSES AND MOTOR MOVEMENTS
- WHAT DOES THE AUTONOMIC PNS COVER FOR?
- AUTO RESPONSE
- WHAT SYSTEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR FIGHT OR FLIGHT?
- SYMPATHETIC
- WHAT IS IT WHEN SOMEONE CALLS UPON THE SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE TOO OFTEN AND HAS THE POSSIBILITY OF DEATH?
- PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDER
- WHAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR REST AND RELAXATION?
- THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- WHO THOUGHT THE BRAIN WAS LIKE A MUSCLE?
- FRANZ GALL
- WHAT IS PHRENOLOGY?
- BUMPS ON THE HEAD THAT INDICATED BRAIN DAMAGE ON CERTAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN
- WHAT IS IT THAT THERE ARE CERTAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR CERTAIN FUNCTIONS?
- LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTION
- WHAT WAS DISCOVERED DURING THE FRANCO PRUSSION WAR?
- THE MOTOR STRIP,CONTRALATERALIZATION,
- WHAT WAS WRONG WITH TAN IN HIS CASE?
- BROCA'S AREA WAS DAMAGED
- WHAT IS THE BROCA'S AREA AND WERNICKE'S AREAS KNOWN FOR?
-
BROCA- RESPONSIBLE FOR BEING ABLE TO COMMUNICATE THROUGH TALKING
WERNICKE- UNDERSTANDING OF LANGUAGE - WHAT IS THE DISEASE THAT MEANS DIFFICULTY WITH LANGUAGE?
- APHASIA
- WHO DISCOVERED BROCA'S AREA?
- BROCA
- WHAT MECHANISM MEASURES BRAIN ELECTRICITY?
- EEG
- WHAT IS THE EXAMPLE USED TO DESCRIBE WHAT IS GOING ON INSIDE OF THE HEAD UNDER SUPERVISION OF EEG?
- FOOTBALL STADIUM
- WHAT ARE THE BRAIN WAVES THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR RELAXED,CALM,LUCID AND NOT THINKING STATE?
- ALPHA WAVES
- WHAT IS THE WAVELENGTH OF ALPHA WAVES?
- 9-13 HZ
- WHAT BRAIN WAVES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DEEP RELAXATION AND MEDITATION WITH MENTAL IMAGERY?
- THETA
- WHAT IS THE WAVELENGTH OF THETA WAVES?
- 4-8 HZ
- WHAT BRAIN WAVES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ACTIVELY PROCESSING INFORMATION,AWAKENESS,AND NORMAL ALERT CONCIOUSNESS?
- BETA WAVES
- WHAT IS THE FREQUENCY OF BETA WAVES"?
- 14-30 HZ
- WHAT IS THE WAVES RESPONSIBLE FOR DEEP, DREAMLESS SLEEP?
- DELTA WAVES
- WHAT IS THE FREQ OF DELTA WAVES?
- 1-3 HZ
- WHAT KIND OF WAVES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP WALKING?
- DELTA WAVES
- WHAT OCCURED TO CHILDREN WHEN GIVEN MEDS FOR SLEEPWALKING?
- MADE SLOW WAVE SLEEP AND STOPPED GROWTH HORMONES
- WHAT WAS KAREN EXPERIENCING WHEN SHE AWOKE SCREAMING, SCRATCHING, STANDING, AND SWEATY?
- NIGHT TERRORS
- HOW MUCH DOES THE BRAIN WEIGH?
- 3 POUNDS
- WHAT ARE CONVULTIONS OF THE BRAIN?
- RIDGES AND VALLEYS OF THE BRAIN
- WHAT IS THE CEREBRUM SEPARATED INTO/
- L AND R HEMISPHERES
- WHAT IS THE BAND OF TISSUE THAT CONNECTS THE L AND R HEMISPHERES THAT LOOKS LIKE A BANANA?
- CORPUS CALLOSUM
- WHAT RELAYS INFO BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN THE L AND R BRAIN?
- CORPUS CALLOSUM
- WHAT THREE PARTS OF THE BRAIN PARTICIPATE IN MOTOR MOVEMENT?
- CEREBELLUM,FRONTAL LOBE, BASAL GANGLIA
- WHAT EFFECT DOES ALCOHOL HAVE ON THE CEREBELLUM?
- AFFECTS MOTOR MOVEMENT BY DESTROYING CELLS
- WHAT LOBE OF THE BRAIN CONTAINS BROCAS AREA AND THE MOTOR STRIP?
- FRONTAL LOBE
- WHAT LOBE CONTAINS THE SOMATOSENSORY STRIP?
- PARIETAL LOBE
- WHAT LOBE CONTAINS WEINKE'S AREA?
- TEMPORAL LOBE
- WHAT LOBE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR VISUAL PROCESSING?
- OCCIPITAL
- WHAT LOBE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING?
- FRONTAL
- WHAT LOBE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR REGISTERING WHAT IS GOING ON IN THE BODY AND SENSING?
- PARIETAL
- WHAT LOBE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR HEARING, LANGUAGE, AND UNDERSTANDING?
- TEMPORAL
- WHAT PART OF THE BRAIN HAS ALL SENSORY INFO GO THROUGH IT EXCEPT FOR SMELL?
- THALAMUS
- WHAT BRAIN PART IS THE PARASYMPATHETIC FIGHT,FLIGHT,FEEDING,AND FORNICATING?
- HYPOTHALAMUS
- WHAT BRAIN PART IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MEMORY CONSOLIDATION?/
- HIPPOCAMPUS