Philosophy Midterm 1
Terms
undefined, object
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- What is Critical thinking?
- the investigative process of resolving doubt through “the systematic evaluation and formulation of beliefs and statements by reasonable standards.â€
- Thinking involves?
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*contemplation *evaluation
*imagination - Critical involves?
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*analysis
*evaluation - Epistemology?
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⬢ The study of knowledge
⬢Distinction between belief (doubt?)/ knowledge
⬢Distinction between subjective/objective - Logic?
- ⬢Rules of inference contained in arguments
- Deductive/ Inductive?
- *true-structure of argument vs. uncertain or false-probability
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Tenacity (wishful thinking)
*Peirce’s Methods - stick to what you believe, as long as you put it to practice
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Authority
*Peirce’s Methods - higher figures could be wrong and make mistakes, always question
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Intuition
*Peirce’s Methods - your feeling can be wrong
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Science
*Peirce's Methods - strongest method, testable and fallable, explore everything like a scientist
- Skeptical?
- willing to question
- Objective?
- John is taller than Keanu
- Subjective?
- John is a better actor than Keanu
- Premises?
- statements that support claim
- Conclusion?
- premise for argument
- Non-arguments
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1) explanations (already known)
2) conditionals (if/then) - Argument?
- premise(s) + conclusion
- “Haunted Mindâ€
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⬢ Ghosts are in your mind
Francis Bacon
*philosopher 16th century
*believed we worshiped false idols- The IDOLS of the mind - 1) “Idols of the Tribeâ€
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(perception) barriers to the fact we are human (our natural error)
*ex: if there is a picture of a duck, but it could also be a rabbit (duck/rabbit)
-have to switch your perception (selective attention) - 2) “Idols of the Caveâ€
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(egocentrism) people are living like they are prisoners in a cave (remember the story of the cave)
*use our own bias to determine things (rationalization)-believe what we want - 3) “Idols of the Marketplace"
- limit our language in the marketplace (language)
- Logic/ Rhetoric
- *persuasion
- Cognitive/Emotive
- *Object with certain feelings
- Euphemism/ Dysphemism
- *Substitution of another word to put a positive spin on it
- Vagueness
- *Language that is unclear, vague
- Ambiguity
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*Semantic: more than 1 meaning
*Syntactic: grammar, structure of words - Statements:
- 1. I don’t know what state Meredith is in.
- Headlines:
- 1. “College Graduates Blind Senior Citizenâ€
- Arguments:
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1. We shouldn’t hire peter, because our company has a policy against drug users ©, and I saw peter take aspirin.
*drug could be pharm. Or harmful WEAK ARGUMENT - 4) “Idols of the Theaterâ€
- same event can be seen in two different ways (sociocentrism)
- “Haunted World View"
- *won’t understand other countries point of view
- Subjective Relativism
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*Different from one person and another individual
*“All is relativeâ€-wrong - Social relativism
- *Principle of tolerance- everybody is right
- Skepticism
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*Open-minded, always willing to question
*Clifford and Russel- religious skeptics - Deductive Argument
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1.Mathematic arguments
2. Definition arguments
3.Categorical syllogism- 2 premises, 1 conclusion
4. Hypothetical Syllogism
5. Conditional arguments
6. Disjunctive Syllogism (either/or Syllogism) - Inductive Argument
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1.Prediction argument
2.Analogy
3.Generalization
4.Statistics
5.Authority
6.Signs
7.Causal argument (always probable, never certain)
8.Science (probability)
9.Detective Work - Evaluation
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Deductive
*All German are Europeans.
*All Berliners are Germans.
*All Berliners are European *VALID argument (sound) - Inductive
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*The paper has been delivered by seven every day but two for the past 3 years.
*The paper will arrive by seven tomorrow.
*STRONG (highly probable), COGENT
- if low probability, (its WEAK) - Disjunctive Syllogism (Either/or) – (V)
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*Either the battery is dead (P), or there is an ignition short (Q).
*The battery is not dead.
*Therefore there’s an ignition short. - Hypothetical Syllogism
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*If you study (P), you will pass (Q). p->q ALWAYS VALID
*If you pass, you will graduate.
*If you study, then you will pass. - Modus Poneus (form is always VALID)
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*Valid: If p then q (p->q) (sound-valid and premises are true)
*P
*Q. (affirming antecedent)
*If John is in Fullerton (antecedent), then he is in California.
*John is in Fullerton.
*John is in California. (affirming antecedent) ~p
NOT MODUS PONEUS ~q
*J is not in Full.
*J is not in CA. (denying antecedent- INVALID) - Modus Tollens
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*Valid: If p then q.
*Not q .
*Not p.
*Invalid: If p then q.
(affirming consequent)
*If J is in F then J in *J not in Ca.
*J is not in F. (denying consequent) - Simple Statement:
- Hawaii is a state.
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Compound Statement:
(more than 1 simple statement) - If you study, then you will succeed.
- (A)
- I have Apples in my cupboard.
- (~A) negation
- I do not have Apples in my cupboard.
- (A * B) conjunction
- I have Apples and Bananas in my cupboard.
- (OvP) disjunction
- I have either Oranges or Peaches in my cupboard.
- (C -> V) conditional
- If it’s a Carrot, then it’s a Vegetable.
- (V = D) biconditional or (V->D) * (D->V)
- You eat Venison if and only if you eat Dear.
- conjunction
- ~B *[R v(Q->S)]
- disjunction
- ~(B * R)v(QQ->S)
- negation
- ~[(B * R)v(Q->S)]
- I do not have both Apples and Bananas.
- ~(A * B) see ~A v ~B
- I have neither Oranges nor Peaches.
- ~(OvP) see ~O * ~P
- If it is an Orange from my backyard, then it is either a Navel or Valencia.
- O->(NvV)
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Conditional:
If A, then B
A only if B
A implies B
B if A - A->B
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Conditional:
A if B - B->A
- A if and only if B
- A=B
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Conditional:
A is sufficient for B
B is necessary for A - A->B
- Not either P or Q
- ~(PvQ)
- Either not P or Q
- ~PvQ
- Not both P an Q
- ~(P * Q)
- Both not P and Q
- ~P * Q
- P and if Q then R
- P *(Q->R)
- If P and Q then R
- (P * Q) -> R