Speech Science: Final Exam
Terms
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- What is linearity?
- Principle that asserts that a specific sound in a word corresponds to a specific phoneme.
- What is segmentation?
- Principle based on the notion that the speech signal can be divided into discrete units that correpsond to specific phonemes
- What is Speaker Normalization?
- How listeners are able to recognize sounds and words despite the large variations in the way that speakers produce them
- What is the basic unit of perception?
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-varies by listening situation and age
-infants use larger units, like syllables
-process at smaller levels as lexicon increases - What is the Serial-order Issue?
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Issue of which elements of speech are serialized: vocing, nasality, phonemes, syllables, etc.
-phoneme/syllable sized unit favored by current research - What are Degrees of Freedom?
- different options of muscle contractions to make different formations within the oral, pharyngeal, or laryngeal cavities
- active vs passive theories of speech perception
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Active: stress links between speech perception and speech production
Passive: emphasize sensory aspects of speech perception - Bottom-up vs Top-down theories of speech perception
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B-U: based on premise that all information necessary for recognizing sounds is contained in acoustic signal--no need to involve cognition in processing sounds
T-D: emphasize higher-level linguistic and cognitive operations in analysis of sounds - Describe Oral Stage of Swallowing
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-Chew food
-sense food is in mouth
-labii closed off, nasal airway open for breathing
-hold bolus between tongue and hard palate at back of mouth
-bolus moves posteriorly through central groove of tongue towards pharynx - Describe Pharyngeal stage of Swallowing
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-bolus passes point between the anterior faucial arches and where the tongue base crosses the lower rim of the mandible, the pharyngeal swallow should be triggered
-velum elevates and retracts
-hyoid/larynx move up and forward
-epglottis and VFs close
-bolus passed thru cricopharyngeous to pharynx - muscles of the nasopharynx
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-palatoglossal
-levator veli palatini
-tensor veli palatini
-palatopharyngeous
-muscularis uvula - Muscles of pharyngeal swallow
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-geniohyoid
-mylohyoid
-anterior/posterior digastric
-medial/inferior pharyngeal constrictors - Primary, secondary, and tertiary positions for swallow to trigger
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1. entering pharynx
2. level of vallecula
3. level of pyriform sinuses - Technology used to study swallow
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-ultrasound
-videoendoscopy
-videofleuroscopy
-scintigraphy
-EMG
-EGG - Classes of Cleft Lip/Palate
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I. Soft Palate only
II. Hard/Soft palate, incisive foramen
III. Complete unilateral cleft of alveolar ridge too
IV. Complete bilateral cleft of alveolar ridge too - Genetic/Hereditary disordres associated with Cleft Palate
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-Pierre Robin syndrome (Robin sequence)
-Velo-Cardio-Facial syndrome -Treacher Collins Syndrome
-Apert Syndrome - Environmental teratogens associated with Cleft Palate
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-Dilantin-anti-seizure medication -Thalidomide-sedative -Excessive use of aspirin and retinoids
-excessive alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine
-X-rays
-certain viruses - Members of a cleft palate team
- Anesthesiologist, Audiologist, Coordinator, Educator, Endodontist, Geneticist, Genetic counselor, Oral surgeon, Orthodontist, Otolaryngologis, Parents, Pediatrician, Periodontist, Plastic surgeon, Prosthodontist,Psychiatrist, Psychologist, Radiologist, Social worker, SLP
- HL problems occuring with Otitis Media
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-HL of 20-40dB
-poorer VOT perception
-poorer perception of /s/ vs /sh/ - define Specific Language Impairment
- A language impairment in the absence of deficits in hearing, intelligence or neurological problems.
- Possible causes for SLI
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-fragile perceptual abilities (so sound descrimination is taxing)
-generalized processing problem, usuing resources for other tasks - Parkinson's Disease details
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-Etiology-Lack of neurotransmitter Dopamine
-Symptoms-Movement disorder, trouble initiating movement
-Speech and language issues-Dysarthria, dysphagia, voice disorders
-Technology-measurement: s/z ratio, Videoflouroscopy, Visipitch, volume meter
-Assessment-respiration, swallow, speech
-Treatment-Lee Silverman voice TX
Dysphagia protocols - ALS details
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-Etiology: Neurological degenerative disorder.
-Symptoms-degenerative muscle weakness-may begin in limbs, head, or core
-Speech and language issues-dysarthria, dysphagia, voice
-Technology-Videoflouroscopy, voice protocols, respiration
-Assessment-dysphagia protocols/ s/z ratio for resp, voice assessment
-Treatment-maintain all functions as long as possible, augmentative communication - Huntinton's Chorea details
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-Etiology: reduction in neurotransmitter GABA
-Symptoms-sever tremor
-Speech and language issues, dysarthria, dysphagia
-Technology-Visipitch, videostroboscopy
-Assessment-Videoflouroscopy, s/z ratio, voice assessment
-Treatment-Dysphagia protocols, eating management, voice tx, swallow treatment - Cerebral Palsey details
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-Etiology-prenatal, paranatal insult to the brain.
-Symptoms-severe hypotonia or hypertonia, possible cognitive issues, gross and fine motor
-Speech and language issues, dysarthria, apraxia, dysphagia, oral motor disorder
-Technology-augmentative communication, Visipitch, Videoflouroscopy
-Assessment-artic, dysarthria, augmentative eval, oral motor assessment, VMPAC
-Treatment-oral motor, augmentative communication training, dysarthria protocols - Down Syndrome details
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-Etiology-genetic disorder
-Symptoms-slanted eyes, low set ears, learning impairment,
-Speech and language issues-apraxia of speech, oral motor disorder, language impairment, swallowing issues usually oral stage.
-Technology-Videoflouroscopy
-Assessment-all childhood batteries that are appropriate for cognitive level, oral motor assessment (Beckman), VMPAC
-Treatment-Intense speech, oral motor, sensory integration, speech, language tx, eating consultation - Autism details
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-Etiology-some genetic indications -unknown
-Symptoms-variety of symptoms including social emotional impairment, behavioral components,
-Speech and language issues, severely impaired language skills, voice involvement, movement and body in space issues, apraxia, dysarthria, voice disorders
-Technology-augmentative communication, Visipitch, graphic organizers, calendar programs
-Assessment-The Autism Diagnostic Scale among 50 others, VMPAC - Cleft Palate details
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-Etiology –some genetic indications
-Symptoms-several configurations
-Speech and language issues-severe articulation, voice, resonance disorders. Language disorders.
-Technology-Prosthesis, measurement devices, feeding equipment, C-PAP (Dr. Kuhn)
-Assessment-Standard children’s speech and language assessments, oral motor evaluation
-Treatment-Surgery, Intense speech and language therapy - Aphasia details
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-Etiology-Stroke aka. CVA
-Symptoms-blacking out, speech becomes slurred, numbness, difficulty breathing or swallowing
-Speech and language issues Loss of speech, apraxia, dysarthria, language, feeling in limbs, coordination, reading, math, swallowing problems, voice, memory
-Technology-Videoflouroscopy, videostroboscopy
-Assessment-Minnesota D. T. Aphasia, neuroexam, Boston Diagnostic, Dysphasia, Dysarthria Battery
-Treatment-All speech, language, dysphagia, voice treatments - Target Model of speech production
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-goal is acousitc output
-helps acount for coarticulation and talker variability (rate, stress - Feedback Model of speech perception
- -auditory output serves as feedback for info ragarding how we move articulators thru proprioceptive, kinesthetic, and tactile manners
- Feed Forward Model
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-signals make adjustements at periphery to prive for efficient, coordinated system
-faster process than waiting for feedback
-may help explain why disruptions don't really affect speech production - Dynamic systems model
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-provide explanation that would reduce degrees of freedom
-proposed that groups of muscles link together to perform tasks
-synergy, coordinated structure formed to achieve goals - Connectivist Model
- -nodes which have a presence of absence of a feature to define a target word
- Motor theory
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-active theory
-individual perceives sound becaus s/he produces it
-listener's experience with producing speech gives awareness of relationship between artic/vocal tract/acoustic consequences - Acoustic invariance theory
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-each phoneme has it's own corrosponding set of acoustic features
-"core of characteristics" acts as template that listener compares to incoming sounds - Direct realism model
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-speech perception does not rely on specialized and unique processes
-process analagous to vision
-objects/events percieved directly - TRACE Model
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-interactive activation: dynamic informaion processing system, extitatory and inhibitory interactions among processing units (phonemes, features, words)
-connectivist model, parallel processing of multiple sources of information - Logogen Theory
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-word is detected, logogen activation level raised
-when level raised high enough, logogon threshold of recognition is crossed and word is recognized - Cohort Theory
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-Autonomous stage: acoustic-phonetic info at begining of input word in memory have same word-initial information
-> info comprise 'cohort'
-when cohort activated, inappropriate words deactivated - Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception
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-3 operations in phoneme indentification
-features evaluated to determine presence in an interval of sound
-features assignes continuous fuzzy values (def. absent -> def. present)
-prototype matching - Native Language Magnet Theory
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-phonetic categories of language are organized in terms of prototypes
-perceptual protopytes serve as speech production targets for infants and children, providing link between perception and production