Chapters 1-13
Terms
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- the focus is on age related changes in behavior
- developmental pyschology
- science of behavior and mental processes
- developmental psychology
- science that seeks to understand how and why people change or remain the same
- human development
- biosocial, cognitive and psychosocial
- domains of behavior
- multidirectional, multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary and plasticity
- life span perspective characteristics
- observation, surveys, case studies
- desriptive research methods
- correlation is not ________
- causation
- independent variable, dependent variable, experimental subjects, control subjects, double blind study, cause and effect
- experimental research methods
- groups of different ages compared at the same point in time
- cross sectional research
- same group of people studied at intervals over a long period of time
- longitudinal research
- combines cross sectional and longitudinal research
- cross sequential research
- good points and bad points of all methods
- merits and flaws
- systematic set of principles and generalizations that explains development, generates hypotheses and provides framework for research
- developmental theories
- comprehensive theories that have inspired and directed thinking about development for decades but no longer seems adequate
- grand theories
-
irrational unconscious forces, many originating in childhoold that underlie human behavior
who and what is it called? - Sigmund Freud and pyschoanalytic theory
- theory on which life span development is based. development crisis at each stage of development
- Erikson and 8 stages of pychosocial development
-
behaviorism theory of learning through association
who and what is it called? - Pavlov and classical conditioning
-
behaviorism theory of learning through reinforcement- law of effect
who and what? - Skinner and operant conditioning
- behaviorism theory of learning through modeling, imitation and observation
- Bandura and social learning
- sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational
- Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development
- Freud, Erikson and Piaget all have _______________ theories of development
- stage
- theory which holds that human development results from dynamic interaction between developing persons and the surrounding culture
- emergent theory
-
zone of proximal development and guided participation
who and what kind of theory - Vygotsky and emergent
- emphasized the interaction of the genes and the environment, interaction that is seen as dynamic and reciprocal
- epigenetic theory
- all the nongenetic factors that can affect development form the cellular level to the broader effects
- environment
- specific genetic material that an organism inherits from its parents
- heredity
- sperm cell and egg cell
- gametes
- how many chromosomes in each gamete
- 23
- genetic material
- chromosomes, genes and dna
- sequence of chemical compounds that is held witin dna molecules and directs development
- genetic code
- international effort to map the complete genetic code
- human genome project
- single cell formed from fusing a sperm with an ovum
- zygote
- what you have
- genotype
- what you see
- phenotype
- portays the persons chromosomes
- karyotype
- sex linked characteristics
- x linked genes
- fraternal twins
- dizygotic
- monozygotic
- identical twins
- characteristics produced by interaction of many genes
- polygenic traits
- disorder in which part of the x chromosome is attache to the rest of it by a very slim string of molecules, genetic abnormality and often produces mental deficiecy
- fragile x syndrome
- thinking about thinking
- metacognition
- thinking about memory and how to improve it
- metamemory
- second language learning
- bilingual
- the ability to concentrate on relevant information and ignore distractions
- selective attention
- memory improves dramatically during the school years due to _____________________
- selective attention
- based on reasoning ability and not behavior
- kohlbergs stages of moral development
- Sids
-
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome-
put babies to sleep on their backs! - involuntary physical responses to stimuli
- reflexes
- general term pscyhologists use for thinking
- cognition
- an apparent but not actual drop between one surface and another
- visual cliff
- each of the various opportunities for perception, action and interaction
- affordances
- mobile experiment
- memory
- theory that every individual is born with a distinct, genetically bases set of psychological tendencies or dispositions
- epigenetic systems theory
- a network of nerves connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain
- corpus callosum
- last part of brain to reach maturity
- prefrontal cortex
- leading cause of death for young children
- injury
- fatty insulating covering on axons that speeds up the transmission of neaural impulses, account sfor much of the brains growth during this period.
- myelination
- follow the laws of development- cephalo-caudal and proximo-distal
- motor skill
- large body movements
- gross motor skills
- small body movements
- fine motor skills
- diseases(rubella, AIDS), drugs and alcohol, smoking, x rays
- examples of tetrogens
- organ that encases the embryo and connects its ciruclatory system with that of the mother
- embryo
- 9th week until birth when all organs gorw in size and complexity
- period of fetus
- 3rd through 8th week after conception durking which the rudimentary system forms all anatomical structures to develop
- period of embryo
- first two weeks of development after conception, beginning of cell differentiation
- germinal period
- becomes the central nervous system, brain and spinal chord
- neural tube
- alternate division of prenatal development
- 3 month trimesters