Soc Exam 1
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- Social products like religion & language are a product of what type of culture?
- Non-Material Culture
- Physical products like things are a product of what type of culture?
- Material Culture
- Culture is defined as _________.
- the total way of life of a group of people.
- __________ are important & serious norms that must be obeyed.
- Moré
- Values & Beliefs __________ Norms.
- shape
- ___________ will always reflect the Values & Beliefs.
- Norms
- Honesty is to Value as __________ is to Norm.
- not to steal
- Symbols are defined as___________.
- Anything that carries a particular meaning within a culture.
- _________ is our most important symbol.
- Language
- Facial expressions are _____________ symbols.
- universal
- The junction between Ideal Culture & Real Culture causes ______________.
- many social problems
- Cooking & food preparation, funerals & mourning are all ______________.
- Cultural Universals
- Society is defined as _________________.
- a group of people who occupy a common territory or region & who participate in a common culture.
- Social Structure is _________.
- the way society is organized. (the bones, nerves & muscles)
- Social Institutions are defined as______________.
- An established & enduring pattern of social relationships.
- Social Institutions are important ______________ of society.
- building blocks
- Give some examples of Social Institutions.
- family, religion, economy, military education, science, medicine, political/legal, sports, mass media
- What are the four levels that make up society.
- 1. Social Institutions 2. Social Groups 3. Statuses 4. Roles
- Social Groups are defined as _________.
- 2 or more who have a common identity, interact, & form a social relationship.
- What are the two types of Social Groups?
- 1. Primary Group 2. Secondary Group
- Primary Group is defined as _____________________.
- small, informal, intimate group, where they care for each other & know each other.
- Give some examples of Primary Groups.
- family, friends, roommates, street gang
- Secondary Group is defined as _____________.
- formal goal oriented group that has to be together, like a business group.
- How we interact day to day is based on _____________.
- Status
- Status is defined as __________.
- a position of a person.
- What are the three types of Status?
- 1. Ascribed Status 2. Achieved Status 3. Master Status
- Ascribed Status is defined as ____________.
- Status one did not choose, learn, or can change.
- Give an example of Ascribed Status.
- male or female, race, sister, royalty
- Achieved Status is defined as ___________.
- Status we choose or earn.
- Give an example of Achieved Status.
- CEO, college grad, occupation, single, married, father
- Master Status is defined as __________.
- Social Status that Dominates/ takes over the others - How OTHERS see us.
- Roles are defined as ____________.
- a set of rights, obligations & expectations associated with a status.
- You Occupy a status, but you ________ a Role.
- Play
- Status is to college student as Role is to __________.
- study, take test, party
- An example of the four levels of society is - _______________.
- Education - IUS - college student - studying
- Subculture is defined as _____________.
- Cultural patters that set apart some segment of a society's population, (A culture within a culture. Something that sets it apart from dominant culture.)
- Give an example of a Subculture.
- 2 groups based on income that have very different lifestyles than dominant Culture are the VERY rich & the Very poor, teenagers & elderly, military, prisons
- Counterculture is defined as _______________.
- Cultural patters that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society. (Subculture that is at odds with Dominant Culture.)
- Give some examples of Counterculture.
- hippies, KKK, terrorist
- Counterculture want to ________ & __________ Dominant Culture in a radical way.
- change & replace
- What are the two ways to respond to Variation & Diversity?
- 1. Culture Shock or Ethrochentrism 2. Cultural Relativism
- What is Culture Shock?
- disoriented, uneasy, uncomfortable
- Ethnocentrism is defined as _________.
- the tendency to judge other cultures by the norms & values of one's own culture. (the view that one's own culture is superior to all others.)
- Give an example of Ethnocentrism.
- condemning Koreans for eating cats & dogs
- Cultural Relativism is defined as ___________.
- the practice of evaluating a culture by its own norms & values. (the opposite of Ethnocentrism)
- What are the 5 Components of a Social Problem?
- 1. Objective & Subjective Elements 2. Endurance over time 3. Incompatible w/ Norms & Values 4. Who is affected or offended by the condition 5. Social Causes & Social Solutions
- Objective Element is defined as ___________.
- An observable or measurable condition.
- Subjective Element is defined as ___________.
- The Social perception of a condition. (society's reaction)
- Both _____________ & _______________ must be there to = a Social Problem.
- Objective & Subjective Elements
- Give an example of Objective Element.
- spousal abuse, drunk driving, homelessness
- Give an example of Subjective Element.
- Laws making spousal abuse illegal, MAD, legislation to help the homeless.
- Why are Social Problems so difficult to eradicate?
- Social Problems are interrelated - Poverty & Education - the #1 cause of poverty is the lack of education
- What are the two primary issues that cause - Incompatibility with Norms & Values?
- 1. Diverse Values 2. Disagreements on what is problematic
- What are the 2 school of thought concerning who is affected or offended by a/the condition?
- 1. Significant Numbers 2. Significant People & Powerful Groups
- How is "Significant Numbers" defined?
- The more people that are affected the more it will be seen as a Social Problem.
- Give an example of Significant Numbers.
- Unemployment rate at 12% is a Social Problem. Unemployment at 2% is an individual's problem.
- Give an example of "Significant People & Powerful Groups."
- AIDS started as a homosexuals disease. It became a Social Problem when it moved to powerful people like celebrities & the Ryan Whites of America.
- Social Causes are defined as _____________.
- caused or compounded by the Social Order, NOT by nature.
- Social Solutions are defined as ____________.
- Social or Ethical Solutions through human action & promote humanity.
- What are the 4 Stages of a Social Problem?
- 1. Societal Recognition 2. Social Legitimation 3. Mobilization or action 4. Implementation of an official plan
- Societal Recognition is defined as __________.
- Some group recognizes a problem & begins to say something needs to be done.
- Social Legitimation is defined as _____.
- They try and spread the word about the cause & issue. Today the Media is a powerful tool.
- Mobilization for action is defined as ________.
- People start to debate what can be done. People start to become a little more rational.
- Implementation of an official plan is defined as ___________.
- Being in the hands of the police, school system. Someone is getting their hands dirty doing something about the condition.
- Theory is defined as __________.
- A set of interrelated propositions or principles designed to answer a question or explain a particular phenomenon. (Organizing fragmented work for research)
- Theory & Research are 2 sides of __________.
- One coin
- Theory allows us to ___________.
- Explain & predict
- Theories are ___________________ by research.
- confirmed, modified, rejected
- Theoretical Perspective is defined as ____________.
- A BROAD based/ all purpose theory or model of reality.
- What are the 3 Theoretical Perspectives?
- 1. Structural-Functionalist 2. Conflict Perspective 3. Symbolic Interactionist
- ___________ & ____________'s contribution help shape Functionalist Perspective.
- Durheim & Spencer
- Functionalist Perspective is a macro or micro theory?
- Macro Theory
- Functionalist Perspective is defined as __________.
- a society is like a system or network of independent components.
- According to the Functionalist Perspective, Society operates in a state of _______________.
- Equalibriam. The System is stable & balanced.
- Give an example of Functionalist Perspective.
- Family depends on Edu to Edu their kids. Edu depends on families to supply the kids.
- According to the Functionalist Perspective, everything has a _______________.
- specific function.
- According to the Functionalist Perspective, what are the 3 types of Functions?
- 1. Manifest Functions 2. Latent Functions 3. Dysfunctions
- Manifest Functions are defined as ____________.
- Intended or obvious functions
- Give an example of Manifest Functions.
- pub school to edu kids, welfare to fund poor, car for transportation
- Latent Functions are defined as __________.
- unintended functions (less obvious)
- Give examples of Latent Functions.
- Edu -> jobs, identifying child abuse- Welfare -> jobs, reduce crime
- Dysfunctions are defined as __________.
- Negative consequences or harmful
- Give examples of Dysfunctions.
- Edu -> lowers the standard to fit all children- Welfare-> abuse of the system- Cars-> pollution
- According to the Functionalist Perspective, what is the cause of Social Problems?
- Social Change
- According to the Functionalist Perspective, how can Social Change cause Social Problems?
- Can throw off the equilibrium. It is seen as harmful. Disorganization that is the result of rapid social change. (Aromie: a state of normlessness = Social Disorder)
- Give an example of how Social change can cause Social Problems.
- Rapid Tech changes -> displaced workers. Econ & Tech changed faster than Edu = creating an imbalance.
- ___________ contributions help shape the Conflict Perspective.
- Karl Marx
- Conflict Perspective is defined as _________________.
- Society is characterized by conflict, competition & inequality.
- According to the Conflict Perspective, Society is comprised of different groups competing for ____ & _________.
- power & resources
- Give an example of the Conflict Perspective.
- Rich vs. Poor - the rich want more tax breaks & the poor want more welfare - this equals Conflict.
- According to the Conflict Perspective, conflict can produce ___________.
- Change
- According to the Conflict Perspective, change can be a ___________.
- good thing
- What are the 2 schools of thought in the Conflict Perspective?
- 1. Marxist Conflict Theory 2. Non-Marxist Conflict Theory
- Marxist Conflict Theory is defined as _____________.
- Conflict over Social Rewards (economic- money, land, power)
- Non-Marxist Conflict Theory is defined as _________.
- Conflict over Values (abortion, same sex marriage) Can also include economic conflict)
- According to the Conflict Perspective, most societies are divided up like a __________.
- pie
- According to the Conflict Perspective, the Pie Theory allows you to identify what group has the power by determining who has the _________ piece of the pie.
- Biggest
- According to the Conflict Perspective, what ever group has the largest piece of the pie has the power & the society will reflect their ___________.
- Values
- According to the Conflict Perspective, what is the Cause of Social Problems?
- Unequal access to social rewards. Clash of Values & Interests.
- ___________ & ____________'s contribution help shape Symbolic Interactionist.
- Horton & Mead
- Symbolic Interactionist is defined as _____________.
- Humans interact through the use of symbols.
- Is Symbolic Interaction a Macro or Micro perspective?
- Micro Perspective
- Micro Perspective is defined as __________.
- face to face/ small group level
- According to Symbolic Interactionist, Society is possible because of shared __________.
- symbols
- Doctor - patient, student - teacher, are what type of interactions.
- Micro Interactions
- The Theory Verstehen was introduced by ____________.
- Max Weber
- Verstehen is defined as ___________.
- the ability to see reality from another's perspective. ( to understand in an empathetic way) Not in a factual way but in your gut. This is an important tool in Sociology,
- The Thomas Theorem was introduced by ____________.
- W.I. Thomas
- The Thomas Theorem is the theory that ____.
- Reality is a social product. What people believe is real becomes real in its consequences. If people believe something it can become reality.
- According to The Thomas Theorem, what are the causes of Social Problems?
- When a group defines a situation as problematic.
- Variable is defined as ___________.
- Any measurable event characteristic or property that varies or is subject to change.
- Hypothesis is defined as ___________.
- A tentative statement based on a general theory that attempts to predict the relationship between variables.
- What are the 2 types of Variables?
- 1. Dependent Variable 2. Independent Variable
- Dependent Variable is defined as ______________.
- The variable the researcher wants to explain.
- Independent Variable is defined as _____________.
- The variable expected to explain the changes in the Dependent Variable.
- Dicern the Dep & Ind Variables in the following Hypothesis: As length of marriage increases the risk of divorce decreases.
- Dep: Risk of Divorce Ind: Length of marriage
- Discern the Dep & Ind Variables in the following Hypothesis: Males are more likely to abuse alcohol than females.
- Dep: Rate of Alcohol Abuse Ind: Sex
- Discern the Dep & Ind Variables in the following Hypothesis: People living in poverty have a shorter life expectancy compared to people in higher income levels.
- Dep: Life Expectance Ind: Social Status
- Discern the Dep & Ind Variables in the following Hypothesis: Jews have a lower divorce rate than other religions.
- Dep: Divorce Rate Ind: Religion
- Most research looks at the cause & effect relationship between ___.
- variables
- Correlations are defined as _________.
- A consistent statistical association between variables.
- What are the 4 types of Correlations?
- 1. Positive 2. Inverse/Neg 3. Curvilinear 4. Spurious
- Positive/Direct Correlation is defined as ________.
- when both variables change in the same direction. The increase in one variable associated increase with another variable.
- Give an example of Positive Correlation.
- Family income > = college attendance >
- Negative/Inverse Correlation is defined as _________.
- When both variables change in opposite directions. The increase of one and the decrease of the other.
- Give an example of Inverse Correlation.
- Family income > = infant mortality rate <
- Curvilinear Correlation is defined as ________.
- Variables changing in both the same & opposite directions.
- Give an example of Curvilinear Correlation.
- Age & leisure, alcohol & social ability
- Spurious correlation is defined as ___________.
- quencidental correlation. No cause & effect between variables.
- What are the 4 Methods of Data Collection?
- 1. Surveys 2. Experiments 3. Field Research 4. Secondary Data Research