ganth 2
Terms
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- Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
- idea that there is an explicit link b/w the grammar of a language and the culture of the people who speak that language
- metaphor
- figure of speech in which linguistic expressions are taken from one area of experience and applied to another
- domain of experience
- area of human experience (business, war, science, family life) from which people borrow meaning to apply to other areas
- key metaphors
- used to identify metaphors that dominate the meanings that people in a specific culture attribute to their experience
- key scenarios
- dominant stories or myths that portray the values and beliefs of a specific society
- selective perception
- tendency of people to see and recognize only those things they expect to see or those that confirm their view of the world
- suppressing evidence
- tendency of people to reject or ignore evidence that challenges an accepted belief
- totemism
- use of a symbol, gernerally an animal or a plant, as a physical representation for a group, generally a clan
- ritual
- a dramatic rendering or social portrayal of meanings shared by a specific body of people in a way that makes them seem correct and proper
- symbolic actions
- the activities-including ritual, myth, art, dance, and music-that dramatically depict the meanings shared by a specific body of people
- myth
- a story or narrative that portrays the meanings people give to their experience
- interpretive drift
- the slow, often unacknowledged shift in someone's manner of interpreting events as he or she becomes involved w/ a particular activity
- secondary elaboration
- attempts by people to explain away inconsistencies or contradictions in their beliefs
- revitalization movements
- attempts by people to construct a more satisfying culture
- family of orientation
- the family group that consists of ego and ego's father, mother, and siblings
- family of procreation
- family group that consists of husband, wife, and their children
- bilateral kinship
- a system in which individuals trace their descent through both parents
- nuclear family
- family group consisting of father, mother, and their own or adopted children
- matrilineal kinship
- system of descent in which persons are related to their kin through the mother only
- patrilineal kinship
- system of descent in which persons are related to their kin through the father only
- brideservice
- the requirement that when a couple marries, the groom must work for the bride's parents for some specified period of time
- matrilineage
- lineage that is formed by tracing descent in the female line
- extended family
- family group based on blood relations of 3 or more generations
- patrilineage
- lineage that is formed by tracing descent in the male line
- incest taboo
- rule that prohibits sexual relations among certain categories of kin, such as brothers or sisters, parents and children, or in some cases, cousins
- clans
- a unilineal descent group whose members claim descent from a common ancestor
- exogamy
- rule that requires a person to marry someone outside one's own group
- bridewealth
- valuables that a groom or his family are expected or obligated to present to the bride's family
- dowry
- the goods and valuables a bride's family supplies to the groom's family or to the couple
- polygamy
- a form of marriage in which a person is permitted to have more than one spouse
- partible inheritance
- a form of inheritance in which the goods or property of a family is divded among the heirs
- impartible inheritance
- a form of inheritance in which family property is passed undivided to one heir
- social identities
- views that people have of their own and others' positions in society. Individuals seek confirmation from others that they occupy the positions on the social landscape that they claim to occupy
- individualistic
- a view of the self in which the individual is primarily responsible for his or her own actions
- holistic
- a view of the self in which the individual cannot be conceived of as existing separately from society or apart from his or her status or role
- egocentric
- a view of the self that defines each person as a replica of all humanity, the locus of motivations and drives, capable of acting independently from others
- sociocentric
- view of the self that is context-dependent ; there is no intrinsic self that can possess enduring qualities
- identity toolbox
- features of a person's identity (gender, age, personal appearances,etc) that he or she chooses to emphasize in constructing a social self
- positive identity
- the attribution to people of personal characteristics believed to be desirable
- negative identity
- the attribution of personal characteristics believed to be undesirable
- rites of passage
- term suggested for rituals that mark a person's passage from one identity or status to another
- phallocentrism
- refers tot he deployment of the penis as a symbol of masculine social power and dominance
- principle of reciprocity
- the social principle that giving a gift creates soical ties w/ the person receiving it, who eventurally is obliged to reciprocate
- commodities
- goods that carry little personal meaning, as distinguished frrom possessions, whoch are associated somehow w/ the producer and/or distributor of the goods
- identity struggles
- term coined to characterized interaction in which there is a discrepancy b/w the identity a person claims to possess and the idnetity attributed to that person by others
- social classes
- system of social stratification based on income or possesssion of wealth and resources. Individual social mobility is possible in a class system
- castes
- system of social stratification based on assignment at birth to the ranked social or occupational groups of parents. There is no mobility from one caste to another, and intermarriage may be forbidden
- integrative theory of social stratification
- theory based on the assumption that social hierarchy is necessary for the smooth functioning of society
- exploitative theory of social stratification
- theory based on the assumption that social stratification and hierarchy exist b/c one group of indiviudals seeks to take advantage of another group for economic purposes
- means of production
- the materials, such as land, machines, or tools that people need to produce things
- political or social repression
- the use of force by a ruling group to maintain political, economic, or social control over other groups
- ideology of class
- set of beliefs characteristic of stratified societies that justifies the divsion of a society into groups w/ differential rights and privileges as being natural and right
- violent revolution
- ther term coined that necessary response of workers to their repression by the ruling class
- culture of poverty
- phrase to describe the life-style and world view of people who inabity urban and rural slums
- generalized reciprocity
- form of exchange in which persons share what they have w/ others but expect them to reciprocate later
- balanced reciprocity
- form of exchange in which items of equal or near-equal value are exchanged on the spot
- negative reciprocity
- form of exchange in which the object is to get something for nothing or to make a profit