Psychology Exam Chapters 1-3
Terms
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- psychology
- science of behavior and mental processes
- mental processes
-
ex: remembering & thinking.
These can be directly observed -
cognitive perspective
interneal or external? - internal
- explain cognitive perspective
- emphasizes on how our mental processes work & impact behavior
-
biological perspective
internal or external? - internal
- explain biological perspective
- views our physological harware as major determinents of behavior & mental processes
- what does the biological perspective use :
- brain & nervous system
- DEPRESION : example of cognitive would be?
- if someone had internal feelings that the things they did controlled a setback in thier life they would feel poorly about themselves - if they realized other aspects controlled their set backs then they would not feel so bad about themselves
- DEPRESION : example of biological would be?
- chemical defiency in ones nervous system (nuerotransmitters)
-
behavioral is
internal or external? - external
-
sociocultral is
internal or external? - external
-
Behavioral has 2 conditions..
what are they? - classical & operant
- explain classical behavioral conditioning
-
applying reflexive response to a new object.
aka Pavolian - example of classical/pavolian conditioning
- ringing of bell and dog's feeding time.
- explain opertant conditioning
-
changing behavior as a result of consequences
aka Skinnerian - example of operant/skinnerian conditioning
- person wants to exercise more if they get good compliments like "you look good" or will stop working out if someone says "you look like a sweaty pig"
- sociocultural
- how other ppl & cultural context impact behavior mental processes
- example of sociocultral
- 1964, Kitty Genovese was brutally attacked & murdered..many heard her screams but nobody called for help. why? this would be a sociocultral concern
- descriptive method
-
includes observational
case studies
and survery research - case studies are used in what?
- Clinical settings to gather info. that will help treatment of patient
- what does case studies do?
- studies individual in depth over time to learn as much as possible
- survey researches use what?
- quiestionares& interviews to collect info about behavior, beliefs & attitudes
- what makes survery research misleading?
- wording, order, & structure of questions
- correlational methods
- 2 variables are measured to determine if they are related
- a variable is..
- any factor that can take on more than one value
- correlation coefficient
- statistic that shows the type & strength btwn 2 variables
- what will the correlation coefficient value range from?
- -1.0 to +1.0
- sign (- or +) tells what of the coefficient?
- if relationship is postive or negative
- positive correlation indicates-
- direct relationship
- example of positive correlation :
-
SAT scores & GPA of first yr in college
or
persons height/weight - negative correlations indicates -
- inverse relationship
- example of negative correlation
-
time you watch tv & your school grade
or
mountain elevation & temp. - 3rd Varaible Prob. occurs when
- ..a 3rd, unmeasured varaible is responsible for the relationship observed between two measured varaibles
- experimental key aspect
- researcher controls the exper. setting
- control allows researcher to make...
- cause & effect statements about results
- independent varaible
- hypothesized cause, whcih experimentor manipulates
- dependent varaible
- hypothesized effect
- group exposed to independent variable
- experimental group
- group not exposed
- control group
- sometimes a control group that does not know they are the control group is needed..this is called...
- placebo group
- group thinks they are recieving treatment but...
- they are really not
- placebo is..
- a substance that has no effect
- when a substance that has no effect is given this is called the
- placebo effect
- Double Blind Procedure
- neither participants or experimentors know who is who and who got placebo ir treatment
- descriptive stats used to..
- describe data of research
- descriptive also measures central tendency to
- summerize data in a single digit
- 3 measures of desc.
- mean, mode, median
- mean is the
- average
- most commonly used to anaylize data
- mean
- measures of varablity
- designed to provide ideaof how scattered a set of scores tend to be
- 2 measures of varability is
- range & standard deviation
- range is the
- difference btwn highest and lowest in scores
- standard deviation is
- average extent to which the scores vary from mean of the distribution
- Normal distributions
- % of scores falling w/ a certain # of deviation
-
CHAPTER 2 !!!
nuerons are responsible for - information transmission throughout the nervous system
- gilial cells support
- neurons
- they does this in 3 ways
- 1. ) disposing waste
- &
- 2. ) keeping chemical environment stable
- &&
- 3. ) insulation them
-
~structure of neuron~
dendrites - recieve info from other nuerons
- cell body
-
contains nucleus of cell & other systems to keep cell alive
-decides what the dedrites pass - what is passed to the cell body from dendrites
- the info in which the dendrite recieved
- axon
- transmits messages through the nueron
- axon terminals
- at the end of the axon, sends messages to another nueron
- communications within a nureon is
- electrical
- communication betwn a nueron is
- chemical
- dedrites can be excitatory or inhibitory.. what is extitatory?
- generating electrical pulses
- inhibitory?
- not generating electrial pulses
- intensity of stimulation is
- encoded by quantity of nuerons generating impulses & number of impulses a second
- myelin sheath
- insulating layer of fatty, white substance
- what does the myelin sheath allow?
- electrical messages to be transmitted faster with the nueron
- what does the myelin sheath encase?
- axon
- axon terminals contain sacs of
- nuerotransmitters
- nuerotransmitters are ..
- chemicals that specialize in transmitting info
- nuerotransmitters travel through the syn, gap which is..
- small space betwn axon terminals of the neuron
- who do brain scans work?
- nuerons require oxygen & other nutrients such as blood sugar
-
nuerotransmitters-
Acetylcholine (ACH) - invloved in both learning and memory & muscle movement
- Dopamine
- impacts arousals & mood states, thought processes & phyiscal movement
- Serotonin & norepineprine
-
nuerotrans. involved in levels of arousal & mood
major role in mood disorder & depression - GABA
- main inhibitory in nervous system
- Endorphins
- group of neurontrans. that are involved in pain perception & result
-
types of nuerons-
internureons - exists only in central nervous system
- sensory nuerons
- carry info to nervous system from scensory recetors in the eyes, muscles, & glands
- motor neurons
- canrry movement commands from the central nervous system to the rest of the body
- central nervous system consists of ...
- spinal cord & brain
- spinal cords 2 functions are:
-
conduct for incoming sensory data & outgoing movement commands &&
provides for spinal reflections - brain is control center for
- entire nervous system
- peripheral nervous system
- gathers info abot external environemnt & bodys internal environment for the brain through sensory nuerons
- the peripheral nervous system also serves as a conduit for
- brain commands to the rest of body through motor nuerons
- p.ner. system consists of 2 parts
- somatic (or sketal) & autonomic nerv
- somatic does what?
- carries input from sensory receptors to the CNS
- it also relys commands to ..
- sketal muscles
- autonomic ner. systm
- regulates our internal environment & consists of 2 parts
- autonomic 2 parts are:
- sympathetic & parasympathetic
- sympathetic
- in control where we are very aroused & prepares us for defensive action
- ex of sympthetic
- running away or fighting
- parasympathetic
- in control when aroused state ends to return to our body to normal resting state
-
symp vs. parasymp--
eyes - dialate - contract
- heartbeat
- rises - slows down
- endocrine system works w/ what system when responding to stress
- autonomic
- what does endocrine system play role in?
- basic behaviors & bodily functions
- examples of these would be?
- sex, eating, reproduction, metabolism
- endocrine glands secrete
- horomones
- endocrine glands controlled by the
- hypothalamus
- hypothalmus controls most influenctial gland
- pituitary gland
- pituitary gland releases
- horomones whcih help in growth & that direct other glands to release their hormone
- emotion-
- complex osychological state that involves 3 compenents
- 3 compenets of emotion are:
-
physical
behavioral
cognitive - physical -->
- state of arousal triggered by the autonamic nerv. sytms
- behavorial -->
-
outward expersion..
i.e. facial movements, gestures - cognitive -->
- apprasial of situation to determine which emotion we are experincing & how intensely
- physical (fight or flight) includes
- heart rate up, breathing up, blood pressure surges, start sweating
- behavioral produces what kind of nuerons?
- motor
- facial expersions do what?
- sends messages to brain
- brain determines which what we are experincing?
- emotion
- apprasial of cognitive also determines
- which emotion we are experincing
- James-Lange Theory
- psycological arousal is a response to a stimulus & then interpretted into emotion
- Cannon-Bard Theory
- arousal patterns for diff. emo. are 2 psychologically alike to determine which emo. is being experinced
- ANS produces
- physcological
- brain produeces
- emo. feeling
- schactor-singer 2 factor theory contends 2 important determinate of emo. -
- pyshcology & cognitive
- pyshcoogloy
- intesity of the emo.
- cognitive
- allows us to identify emo.
-
intergrating theories-
LeDoux contends that - there are different brain systems for diff. emo.
- an example of this is:
- fear
- what may require higher processing?
- love or guilt
-
central core of brain ---
medulla - regulates autonamic fuctions like heartbeat
- reticular formation
- controls arousal & awareness
- cerebellum
- motor coordination & balance
- thalamus
- relays sensory information from spinal cord to appropriate area in the CEREBEAL CORTEX
- Limbic system
- plays role in our survial, memory & emo.
- hypotalamus
- controls pituitary gland & nerv. system
- hypocampus
- formationi of memories
- amygadia
- regulating emotion
- cerebral cortex is the most improtant..
- structure of the brain
- what processes occur in the cerebral cortx
- perception, memory making, language decsion making
- corpus callesum connects
- the two hemispehres of the brain
- Frontal Lobe
- in front & above
- parietal lobe
- located behind & above
- temporal love
- beneath lateral fissure
- occipital lobe
- lower back of each hemi.
- motor cortex located-
- frontal strip of cortex, directly in front of central fissure
- motor cortx allows
- us to move different parts of our body
- somatosensory cortex located
- partial lobe of cortex, directly behind central fissure ini each hemi.
- somatosensory is where
- sensations are processed
- visual cortex located
- back lobe of occiptal
- auiditory cortx located
- in temporal lobes
- association cortex
- contains 70% of non mentioned areas
- assocition cortex is where
- higher level processing such as decsion making occurs
- broad area located
- left hemi. , temoral lobe
- broads area responsible for
- fluent speech production
- damaged ppl can still...
- understand speech but can not generate it
- Wernick's area located`
- left temporal lobe
- wernick's area is resposible for
- comprehension of speech and reading
- when the corpus callobum has been cut
- split brain ppl cannot transfer bwtn hemispheres
- split brained ppl can only identify stuff...
- orally
- left hemi. deals w/
- language, math & logic, analytical
- right
- spatial perception, solving, drawing, face recognition
- consciousness
- persons awareness of his inner thinking & feeling as well as immidiate surrondings
- consciousness is both
- internal & external
- electronical readings of brain actiivty during sleep allow us to measure..
- different stages of sleep
- 5 stages determined by
- EEG
- stage 1 lasts...
- 5min
- stage 2 last
- 2o min
- stage 2 info
- periodic burst of rapid activity called SLEEP SPINDLES
- older ppl contain less
- spindles
- this is why
- they have more interuppted sleep
- stage 3 is
- very brief
- stage 4 is considered
- deep sleep
- stage 4/deep sleep charaterized by..
- DELTA WAVES
- delta waves are
- large, slow waves
- in deep sleep w/ nerv . sytm dominates?
- parasympathetic
- near end of 1st period of sleep, what satges return?
- 3 &2
- REM sleep chractierized by
- rapid waves
- this is simliar to stage
- 1
- REM also known as
- paradoxial bc muscles are relaxed
- these 5 stages repeat every
- 90 min
- which stages get shorter each cycle
- 3 & 4 !
- what indicates the beginnign of dreams
- REM
- REM sleep rebound effect
- a significant increase in proportional of REM sleep following deprivation of rem sleep
- sleep deprivation results in
- impaired concentration & general bodily feeling of weakness & discomfort
- activation-syntheseis hypothesis
- contends dreams are merely the brains attempt to make sense of random activity w/out rational interpretation of the frontal lobe
- do we sense and percieve the world as it really is?
- no
-
CHAPTER 3 !!!!!!!
detection ? - concerned w/ limits on our ability to detect very faint signals
- example:
- how intense does light have to be to see it
- difference ?
- concerned w/ limits on our detection ability but in this case was our ability to detect very small differences btwn stimuli
- example :
- smalleste difference in brightness
-
detection ? -
absolute thresehold - minimum amount of energy in a sensory stimulus that is detected 50% of time
- signal detection theory
- examine a person's detection of very faint sensory stimuli
- difference thresehold
- aka noticable difference/ betwn 2 stimuli that is deteched 50% of the time
- Weber's Law
- for each type of sensory judgement, the different threshold is a constant fraction
- .05 change is abt what percetage difference?
- 5%
- wavelength refers to what?
- distance ub ibe cycle of the wave from one crest to the next
- humans can see wavelengths from....
- 400 to 700 nanometers
- amplitude
- amount of engery in a wave, it's intesity, which is the heigth of the wave it's crest
- frequency determines
- pitch in sound
- convesion of sensory stimulation requires
- transduction
- cornea
- clear covering of the eye throug whcih light rays pass
- light rays further filtered by the
- pupil
- then travels through the
- lens
- beforing reaching the
- retina which is at th eback of the eye
- lens
- accomidates the light waves from objects or different distances directly on the retina
- retina
- light senstive layer of the eye
- retina has 3 layers of cells :
- ganglion cell, bipolar, and recepotr cells.
- receptor cells...
- contain the visual reception cells, rods & cones
- how many rods are responsible for seeinig in dim light for peripheral vision?
- aprox. 120million
- aprox how many cones are resposible for seeing in a right like
- 5 million
- after being processed though the retina, patterns of neutral impulses are carried though the...
- bipolar cells
- bioploar cells do what...
- bundle together to make optic nerve
- why do we have blind spots?
- optic nerve leaves the eye where there are no receptor cells
- light waves from the left visual field go to the ...
- right half of each eye
- trichromatic theory
- there are 3 types of cones, which correspon aprox to blue, green, & red
- opponent-process theory
- assumes that there are 3 diff. kinds of color systems that help us see color
- where are the opponent-process theory systems located?
- post receptor level of processing
- 3 types of cell systems are?
- red-green, blue-yellow, as well as black-white (to detect brightness)
- both theories are
- valid
- fovea is
- a tiny pit in the center of the retina
- complimentary color pairs are
- red-green & blue-yellow