AP Psych. - Summer Lab, (Psychology Timeline)
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- What were Plato's beliefs?
- Nativist; inherited from parents
- What were Aristotle's beliefs?
- Empiricist; from environment
- What aspects of human behavior did Aristotle develop theories on?
- Learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception, and personality
- Was Descartes a nativist or an empiricist?
- Nativist
- What idea did Descartes dualism precede?
- Nerves; threads of the body and some movements are made without them
- Was John Locke a nativist or an empiricist?
- Empiricist
- What were John Locke's beliefs?
- Mind a blank slate at birth; knowledge comes from direct sensory experience, as bits of information from our eyes and ears become linked together to form more complex ideas
- Who was Herman von Helmholtz?
- Demonstrated that the impulses in the nerves were not instantaneous and took a finite amount of time
- From which two fields of study did psychology develop?
- Philosophy and physiology
- With whom did psychology begin as a scientific discipline?
- Wilhelm Wundt
- What did Wilhelm Wundt do?
- Founded first psycology laboratory
- When and where did Wundt found his laboratory?
- 1879; Leipzig, Germany
- What did G. Stanley Hall do?
- Founded the first psychology laboratory in the United States; founded American Psychological Association in 1892
- Where was the first psychology laboratory in the United States and when was it founded?
- Johns Hopkins University; 1883
- When did Stanley G. Hall found the American Psychological Association?
- 1892
- What does psychology mean in Greek?
- "The study of the mind and soul"
- Who was Edward Titchener?
- Used introspection
- Who used introspection?
- Edward Titchener and William James
- Who was William James?
- Wrote the first comprehensive psychology textbook in 1890
- When did William James write the first comprehensive psychology textbook?
- 1890
- Who was Herman Ebbinghaus and who did he use as a subject?
- Began a systematic program to research memory; used himself
- Who was Mary Whiton Calkins?
- Pioneer in the study of memory, dreams, and personality; first woman elected as president of the APA
- Who was the first woman elected as president of the APA?
- Mary Whiton Calkins
- Who nationality was Sigmund Freud?
- Austrian
- What did Freud focus on?
- Disturbances on the mind; developed theory on personality and the systematic method of psychotherapy
- Why did psychology turn away from introspection?
- No one can verify what a person is feeling or thinking
- What did Edward Thorndike study?
- Cats and rats
- On what subject did Margaret Floy Washburn write her book?
- Animal behavior
- Who was the first woman to receive her Ph.D. in psychology?
- Margaret Floy Washburn
- Who was Ivan Pavlov?
- Demonstrated that dogs could be trained to behave a certain way everytime a certain stimulus appeared, (classical conditioning)
- Who was John Watson?
- Redefined psychology as the "science of observable behavior," emphasizing the similarities between human behavior and animal behavior, especially in learning
- What was the dominant perspective in the 1920's and 1960's?
- Behavioralism
- Who was B.F. Skinner?
- Popularized the concept of reinforcement and the process of "operant conditioning"
- Who was Jena Piaget?
- Studied intellectual growth in children
- What was the trend in the 1960's and 1970's?
- Place individual behavior in the context of groups and cultures
- What was the trend in the 1980's and 1990's
- Returned to roots in physiology and evolutionary biology
- Who was Abraham Moslow?
- Humanistic phychologist who developd a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth
- Who was Noam Chomsky?
- American linguist who influenced the growth of cognitive psychology
- Who was Carl Rogers?
- American psychotherapist who was a supporter of humanistic psychology